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arXiv:0812.4834

Random Current Representation for Transverse Field Ising Models

Nicholas Crawford, Dmitry Ioffe

Published Dec 28, 2008• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recently, a random current representation for transverse field Ising models has been introduced in \cite{ILN}. This representation is a space-time version of the classical random current representation exploited by Aizenman et. al. %It is a space-time version of the classical random current representation \cite{Ai82, ABF, AF}. In this paper we formulate and prove corresponding space-time versions of the classical switching lemma and show how they generate various correlation inequalities. In particular we prove exponential decay of truncated two-point functions at positive magnetic fields in $\sfz$-direction and address the issue of the sharpness of phase transition.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0812.4834

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Recently, a random current representation for transverse field Ising models has been introduced in \cite{ILN}. This representation is a space-time version of the classical random current representation exploited by Aizenman et. al. %It is a space-time version of the classical random current representation \cite{Ai82, ABF, AF}. In this paper we formulate and prove corresponding space-time versions of the classical switching lemma and show how they generate various correlation inequalities. In particular we prove exponential decay of truncated two-point functions at positive magnetic fields in \sfz\sfz\sfz-direction and address the issue of the sharpness of phase transition.
We study graphical representations for two related models. The first model is the transverse field quantum Ising model, an extension of the original Ising model which was introduced by Lieb, Schultz and Mattis in the 1960's. The second model is the space-time percolation process, which is closely related to the contact model for the spread of disease. We consider a `space-time' random-cluster model and explore a range of useful probabilistic techniques for studying it. The space-time Potts model emerges as a natural generalization of the quantum Ising model. The basic properties of the phase transitions in these models are treated, such as the fact that there is at most one unbounded FK-cluster, and the resulting lower bound on the critical value in $\ZZ$. We also develop an alternative graphical representation of the quantum Ising model, called the random-parity representation. This representation is based on the random-current representation of the classical Ising model, and allows us to study in much greater detail the phase transition and critical behaviour. The random-parity representation is used to prove sharpness of the phase transition in the quantum Ising model, and to establish bounds on some critical exponents. We address these issues by using the random-parity representation to establish certain differential inequalities, integration of which give the results. Finally we explore some consequences and possible extensions of the results mentioned. For example, we determine the critical point for the quantum Ising model in $\ZZ$ and in `star-like' geometries.
A real-space renormalization-group treatment of random transverse-field Ising spin chains that was introduced previously is developed and extensively analyzed. It yields results that are asymptotically exact in the critical region near the zero-temperature para-to-ferromagnetic quantum phase transition. In particular, the exact scaling function is obtained for the magnetization as a function of a uniform applied magnetic field and the distance to the critical point, and up to the solution of a linear ordinary differential equation whose solution can be exhaustively analyzed, the scaling function of the average spin-spin correlation function is also obtained. Thus more exact information is obtainable about the critical behavior for this random model than is known for the pure version which is equivalent to the two-dimensional Ising model. The basic reason for this is the extremely broad distribution of energy scales that occurs at low energies near the critical point of the random system. For the random chain the distribution of the magnetization of the first spin in a semi-infinite system is also studied and the results found to agree in the scaling limit with results of McCoy obtained from the exact solution of the closely related McCoy-Wu Ising model; this provides strong justification for the validity of the present approach. The singular properties of the weakly ordered and weakly disordered ``Griffiths' phases'' that occur at zero temperature near the critical point are also studied, as well as the behavior at low but nonzero temperature. Possible extensions of the results and general lessons drawn from them for other random systems are briefly discussed.
We consider the effect of a random longitudinal field on the Ising model in a transverse magnetic field. For spatial dimension d>2d>2d>2, there is at low strength of randomness and transverse field a phase with true long-range order that is destroyed at higher values of the randomness or transverse field. The properties of the quantum phase transition at zero temperature are controlled by a fixed point with no quantum fluctuations. This fixed point also controls the classical finite-temperature phase transition in this model. Many critical properties of the quantum transition are therefore identical to those of the classical transition. In particular, we argue that the dynamical scaling is activated, i.e., the logarithm of the diverging time scale rises as a power of the diverging length scale.
Dynamical correlations of the spin and the energy density are investigated in the critical region of the random transverse-field Ising chain by numerically exact calculations in large finite systems (L ≤ 128). The spin-spin autocorrelation function is found to decay proportional to (log t) −2xm and (log t) −2xs m in the bulk and on the surface, respectively, with xm and x s m the bulk and surface magnetization exponents, respectively. On the other hand the critical energy-energy autocorrelation functions have a power law decay, which are characterized by novel critical exponents ηe ≈ 2.2 in the bulk and η s e ≈ 2.5 at the surface, respectively. The numerical results are compared with the predictions of a scaling theory. 05.50.+q, 64.60.Ak, 68.35.Rh Typeset using REVTEX 1 The asymptotic behavior of the time-dependent correlation functions for interacting many-body systems turned out a very difficult subject of theoretical research. Exact results in this field are scarce, one can mention the one-dimensional spin 1/2 XY-model [1] and the Ising chain in a transverse-field [2]. Both models can be mapped onto a system of non-interacting fermions, where the equal-position correlation functions are calculated by the Pfaffian method utilizing the theory of Töplitz determinants. In this Letter we consider- at the first time- the critical dynamical correlations of an interacting quantum system in the presence of quenched (i.e. time-dependent) disorder. It has recently become clear that quenched disorder has rather different effects on phase transitions in quantum systems [3] than on those thermally driven phase transitions. For example, in the Griffiths phase, which is situated at the disordered side of the critical point, the susceptibility has an essential singularity in classical systems, whereas in a quantum system the corresponding singularity is stronger, it is in a power law form. Here we consider the prototype of random quantum systems the one-dimensional random transverse-field Ising model defined by the Hamiltonian:
We study numerically the paramagnetic phase of the spin-1/21/21/2 random transverse-field Ising chain, using a mapping to noninteracting fermions. We extend our earlier work, Phys. Rev. B 53, 8486 (1996), to finite temperatures and to dynamical properties. Our results are consistent with the idea that there are Griffiths-McCoy singularities in the paramagnetic phase described by a continuously varying exponent $z(\ensuremath{\delta}),$ where \ensuremath{\delta} measures the deviation from criticality. There are some discrepancies between the values of $z(\ensuremath{\delta})$ obtained from different quantities, but this may be due to corrections to scaling. The average on-site time dependent correlation function decays with a power law in the paramagnetic phase, namely, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1/z(\ensuremath{\delta})},$ where \ensuremath{\tau} is imaginary time. However, the typical value decays with a stretched exponential behavior, $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}c{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{1/\ensuremath{\mu}}),$ where \ensuremath{\mu} may be related to $z(\ensuremath{\delta}).$ We also obtain results for the full probability distribution of time dependent correlation functions at different points in the paramagnetic phase.