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arXiv:0812.4174 · Physical Review Letters

Fragmented Many-Body Ground States for Scalar Bosons in a Single Trap

Philipp Bader, Uwe R. Fischer

Published Aug 5, 2009• 83 citations
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Abstract

We investigate whether the many-body ground states of bosons in a generalized two-mode model with localized inhomogeneous single-particle orbitals and anisotropic long-range interactions (e.g., dipole-dipole interactions) are coherent or fragmented. It is demonstrated that fragmentation can take place in a single trap for positive values of the interaction couplings, implying that the system is potentially stable. Furthermore, the degree of fragmentation is shown to be insensitive to small perturbations on the single-particle level.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.103.060402

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We investigate whether the many-body ground states of bosons in a generalized two-mode model with localized inhomogeneous single-particle orbitals and anisotropic long-range interactions (e.g., dipole-dipole interactions) are coherent or fragmented. It is demonstrated that fragmentation can take place in a single trap for positive values of the interaction couplings, implying that the system is potentially stable. Furthermore, the degree of fragmentation is shown to be insensitive to small perturbations on the single-particle level.
We construct a two-state theoretical model describing attractively interacting bosons in a cylindrical harmonic potential of varied anisotropy. These systems exhibit true many-body ground-state energy minima stable against variations in single-particle state radial and axial widths and occupation number. The many-body ground state undergoes a phase transition from pure to fragmented as the aspect ratio increases above an anisotropy threshold dependent on the interaction energy per particle. This fragmentation is robust and does not require careful tuning of experimental parameters.
We consider a two-mode model describing scalar bosons with two-body interactions in a single trap, taking into account coherent pair exchange between the modes. It is demonstrated that the resulting fragmented many-body states with continuous (nonsingular) Fock-space distribution amplitudes are robust against perturbations due to occupation number and relative phase fluctuations, Josephson-type tunneling between the modes, and weakly broken parity of orbitals, as well as against perturbations due to interaction with a third mode.
We theoretically investigate the possibility of performing high precision estimation of an externally imposed acceleration using scalar bosons in a single-well trap. We work at the level of a two-mode truncation, valid for weak to intermediate two-body interaction couplings. The splitting process into two modes is in our model entirely caused by the interaction between the constituent bosons and is hence neither due to an externally imposed double-well potential nor due to populating a spinor degree of freedom. The precision enhancement gained by using various initial quantum states using a two-mode bosonic system is well established. Here we therefore instead focus on the effect of the intrinsic dynamics on the precision, where, in a single well, the Hamiltonian assumes a form different from that of the typical double-well case. We demonstrate how interactions can significantly increase the quantum Fisher information maximized over initial states as well as the quantum Fisher information for a fragmented or a coherent state, the two many-body states that can commonly represent the ground state of our system.
The occupation of more than one single-particle state, and hence the emergence of fragmentation, is a many-body phenomenon occurring for systems of spatially confined strongly interacting bosons. In the present study, we investigate the effect of the range of the interparticle interactions on the fragmentation degree of one- and two-dimensional systems in single wells. We solve the full many-body Schr\"odinger equation of the system using the recursive implementation of the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons method (R-MCTDHB). The dependence of the degree of fragmentation on dimensionality, particle number, areal or line density, and interaction strength is assessed. For contact interactions, it is found that the fragmentation is essentially density independent in two dimensions. However, fragmentation increasingly depends on density the more long ranged the interactions become. At fixed particle number NNN, the degree of fragmentation is increasing when the density is decreasing, as expected in one spatial dimension. We demonstrate that this, nontrivially, remains true also for long-range interactions in two spatial dimensions. We, finally, find that fragmentation in a single well is a mesoscopic phenomenon: Within our fully self-consistent approach, the degree of fragmentation, to a good approximation, decreases universally as ${N}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ when only NNN is varied.
The fragmentation of the ground state of a repulsive condensate immersed into a double-trap potential is found to be a general and critical phenomenon. It takes place for a given number of bosons if their scattering length is larger than some critical value or for a given value of the scattering length if the number of bosons is above some critical number. We demonstrate that the geometry of the inner trap determines these critical parameters while the number of the fragments and the fraction of bosons in the various fragments can be manipulated by the outer trap. There is also a maximal number of bosons for which the ground state is fragmented. If this number is exceeded, the fragmented state becomes a very low-lying excited state of the condensate. This maximal number of bosons can be substantially manipulated by varying the inner and outer traps. To study threefold fragmentation we have chosen a potential well with two barriers as the inner trap and embedded in two types of outer ones. A manifold fragmentation is also addressed.