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arXiv:0812.0380 · Reviews of Modern Physics

Quantum algorithms for algebraic problems

Andrew M. Childs, Wim van Dam

Published Jan 15, 2010• 344 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum computers can execute algorithms that dramatically outperform classical computation. As the best-known example, Shor discovered an efficient quantum algorithm for factoring integers, whereas factoring appears to be difficult for classical computers. Understanding what other computational problems can be solved significantly faster using quantum algorithms is one of the major challenges in the theory of quantum computation, and such algorithms motivate the formidable task of building a large-scale quantum computer. This article reviews the current state of quantum algorithms, focusing on algorithms with superpolynomial speedup over classical computation and, in particular, on problems with an algebraic flavor.

DOI
10.1103/revmodphys.82.1

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Quantum computers can execute algorithms that dramatically outperform classical computation. As the best-known example, Shor discovered an efficient quantum algorithm for factoring integers, whereas factoring appears to be difficult for classical computers. Understanding what other computational problems can be solved significantly faster using quantum algorithms is one of the major challenges in the theory of quantum computation, and such algorithms motivate the formidable task of building a large-scale quantum computer. This article reviews the current state of quantum algorithms, focusing on algorithms with superpolynomial speedup over classical computation and, in particular, on problems with an algebraic flavor.
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In this paper, we developed a quantum algorithm for factoring Gaussian integers based on Shor's Algorithm. It is one of the problems that are intractable for classical computers but are manageable for quantum computers. An efficient quantum algorithm for factoring is influential in the application of cryptography because a large portion of the current cryptographic schemes rely on the assumption that factoring is difficult. We also discuss potential generalizations of our algorithm to other algebraic integers.
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A challenging question in the overlap of computer science, mathematics, and physics, is the exploration of potential capabilities of quantum computers. Milestones were the factoring algorithm of Shor (1994) and the search algorithm of Grover (1996). So far, major research was concentrated on discrete and algebraic problems. Much less was known about computational problems of analysis, including such a prominent example as high dimensional numerical integration, which is well-studied in the classical settings. We seek to understand how efficiently this and related problems can be solved in the quantum model of computation (i.e., on a quantum computer) and how the outcome compares to the efficiency of deterministic or randomized algorithms on a classical (i.e. non-quantum) computer. In this paper we give a survey of the state of the art in this field, including also a brief introduction to the general ideas of quantum computing. Introduction A quantum computer is a computing device based on quantum mechanical laws of the (sub)atomic world. The idea of such a computer was developed by Feynman [8] in 1982. He emphasized that simulating quantum mechanics on a classical computer is extremely hard, probably infeasible. So why not try to simulate quantum mechanics using quantum devices themselves. (Thoughts in this direction were also expressed by Manin [21] in 1980, see also [22].) In 1985 Deutsch [6] presented a formal model of computation for quantum computing.