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arXiv:0810.5061

Velocity distribution measurements in atomic beams generated using laser induced back-ablation

A. Denning, Booth, A., S. Lee, M. Ammonson, Scott Bergeson

Published Oct 28, 2008• 0 citations
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Abstract

We present measurements of the velocity distribution of calcium atoms in an atomic beam generated using a dual-stage laser back-ablation apparatus. Distributions are measured using a velocity selective Doppler time-of-flight technique. They are Boltzmann-like with rms velocities corresponding to temperatures above the melting point for calcium. Contrary to a recent report in the literature, this method does not generate a sub-thermal atomic beam.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0810.5061

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We present measurements of the velocity distribution of calcium atoms in an atomic beam generated using a dual-stage laser back-ablation apparatus. Distributions are measured using a velocity selective Doppler time-of-flight technique. They are Boltzmann-like with rms velocities corresponding to temperatures above the melting point for calcium. Contrary to a recent report in the literature, this method does not generate a sub-thermal atomic beam.
The thermal velocity distribution of a calcium atomic beam was compressed into a narrow velocity distribution with selectable velocities. Subsequently these slow atoms were deflected by an angle of 30° by a one-dimensional optical molasses. In the deflected beam we obtained an estimated flux of several 1010 atoms/s at mean longitudinal velocities near 35 m/s and a velocity width of approximately 13 m/s. The transverse velocities of the deflected atoms were close to the one-dimensional Doppler limit. We have observed saturated absorption signals in the deflected laser-cooled beam. The reduced transit time broadening allowed us to resolve the recoil splitting in saturated absorption.
We measure the transverse velocity distribution in a thermal Sr atomic beam precisely by velocity-selective saturated fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of an ultrastable laser system and the narrow intercombination transition line of Sr atoms mean that the resolution of the measured velocity can reach 0.13 m/s, corresponding to 90 μK in energy units. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the results of theoretical calculations. Based on the spectroscopic techniques used here, the absolute frequency of the intercombination transition of 88Sr is measured using an optical-frequency comb generator referenced to the SI second through an H maser, and is given as 434 829 121 318(10) kHz.
We have developed a diagnostic tool for the study of Zeeman-compensated slowing of an alkali-metal atomic beam. Our time-of-flight technique measures the longitudinal velocity distribution of the slowed atoms with a resolution below the Doppler limit. Furthermore, it can map the position and velocity distribution of atoms in either ground hyperfine level inside the solenoid without any devices inside the solenoid. The technique reveals the optical pumping effects and shows in detail how the slowing within the solenoid proceeds. We find for Na that most atoms in the chosen hyperfine state are decelerated in the slowing process. The width of the velocity distribution is determined mainly by inhomogeneities in the slowing laser beam. Using the central most uniform part of an expanded laser beam, the width is reduced to 2.5 m/s, corresponding to 3.2 mK. Finally, we discuss and show a method to produce a beam with two-velocity components for the study of head-tail low-energy collisions.