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arXiv:0809.3632 · New Journal of Physics

Damping in 2D and 3D dilute Bose gases

Ming-Chiang Chung, Aranya B. Bhattacherjee

Published Dec 7, 2009• 41 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Damping in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D dilute gases is investigated using both the hydrodynamical approach and the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation. We found that both methods are good for Beliaev damping at zero temperatures and Landau damping at very low temperatures. However, at high temperatures, the hydrodynamical approach overestimates the Landau damping and HFB gives a precise asymptotic behavior. This result shows that the comparison of the theoretical calculation using the hydrodynamical approach and the experimental data for high temperatures by Vincent Liu (1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 4056) is not valid. For 2D systems, we show that the Beliaev damping rate is proportional to k 3 and the Landau damping rate is proportional to T 2 for low temperatures and to T for high temperatures. We also show that in 2D the hydrodynamical approach gives the same result for zero temperature and for low temperature as HFB, but overestimates the Landau damping for high temperatures.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/11/12/123012

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Damping in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D dilute gases is investigated using both the hydrodynamical approach and the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) approximation. We found that both methods are good for Beliaev damping at zero temperatures and Landau damping at very low temperatures. However, at high temperatures, the hydrodynamical approach overestimates the Landau damping and HFB gives a precise asymptotic behavior. This result shows that the comparison of the theoretical calculation using the hydrodynamical approach and the experimental data for high temperatures by Vincent Liu (1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 4056) is not valid. For 2D systems, we show that the Beliaev damping rate is proportional to k 3 and the Landau damping rate is proportional to T 2 for low temperatures and to T for high temperatures. We also show that in 2D the hydrodynamical approach gives the same result for zero temperature and for low temperature as HFB, but overestimates the Landau damping for high temperatures.
We study Landau damping in dilute Bose–Einstein condensed gases in both spherical and prolate ellipsoidal harmonic traps. We solve the Bogoliubov equations for the mode spectrum in both of these cases, and calculate the damping by summing over transitions between excited quasiparticle states. The results for the spherical case are compared to those obtained in the Hartree–Fock (HF) approximation, where the excitations take on a single-particle character, and excellent agreement between the two approaches is found. We have also taken the semiclassical limit of the HF approximation and obtain a novel expression for the Landau damping rate involving the time-dependent self-diffusion function of the thermal cloud. As a final approach, we study the decay of a condensate mode by making use of dynamical simulations in which both the condensate and thermal cloud are evolved explicitly as a function of time. A detailed comparison of all these methods over a wide range of sample sizes and trap geometries is presented.
With very few exceptions (such as the centre-of-mass dipole mode), collective oscillations in trapped superfluid Bose gases are damped. In the “collisionless” region the damping is second order in the interaction strength. There are three possible components. One is Beliaev damping, which is due to the decay of a single excitation into two excitations; this can occur even at T = 0. In addition, there is Landau damping, which is due to a collective mode scattering from thermally excited excitations. This process only occurs at finite temperatures but quickly becomes the dominant damping mechanism as the temperature increases. Both Landau and Beliaev damping arise naturally from the imaginary part of the Beliaev second-order self-energies, as given in (5.40) in the case of a uniform Bose gas. Finally there is the damping that arises from the C 22 and C 12 collision processes; this is discussed in Chapters 8, 12 and 19. In Chapter 12 we calculated the damping of various condensate modes at finite temperatures using direct numerical simulations of the ZNG equations. These numerical results were generally in very good agreement with the available experimental data. From a theoretical perspective, one advantage of the simulations is that the Landau damping contribution can be isolated simply by setting the C 12 and C 22 collision terms to zero. After providing an introduction to Landau damping in uniform Bose gases in Section 13.1, we present in Section 13.2 a detailed discussion of Landau damping based on a general formula in terms of Bogoliubov–Popov excitations. This discussion makes it clear that the Landau damping of condensate oscillations arises from the interaction with a thermal cloud of excitations.
We investigate the Landau damping of the collective mode in a quasi-one-dimensional repulsive Bose—Einstein condensate by using the self-consistent time-dependent Hartree—Fock—Bogoliubov approximation. We put forward a new method to calculate the Landau damping rate of the collective mode in the condensate and discuss the dependence of the Landau damping on temperature, on transverse trapping frequency, on atom number in the condensate, and on length of the system. Different from the usual calculation method for the three dimension system, our new calculation method is an interactive one by considering the practical relaxation of the elementary excitation. With little approximation, our theoretical calculation results agree with the experimental ones. Comparing with the usual calculation method, our theory is helpful to deduce the inter-particle interactions in damping phenomenon.
By using a mean-field approximation which describes the coupled oscillations of condensate and noncondensate atoms in the collisionless regime, Landau damping in a dilute dipolar Bose–Fermi mixture in the BEC limit where Fermi superfluid is treated as tightly bounded molecules, is investigated. In the case of a uniform quasi-two-dimensional (2D) case, the results for the Landau damping due to the Bose–Fermi interaction are obtained at low and high temperatures. It is shown that at low temperatures, the Landau damping rate is exponentially suppressed. By increasing the strength of dipolar interaction, and the energy of boson quasiparticles, Landau damping is suppressed over a broader temperature range.
We study the dynamics of dilute and ultracold bosonic gases in a quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) configuration and in the collisionless regime. We adopt the 2D Landau-Vlasov equation to describe a three-dimensional gas under very strong harmonic confinement along one direction. We use this effective equation to investigate the speed of sound in quasi-2D bosonic gases, i.e., the sound propagation around a Bose-Einstein distribution in collisionless 2D gases. We derive coupled algebraic equations for the real and imaginary parts of the sound velocity, which are then solved also taking into account the equation of state of the 2D bosonic system. Above the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless critical temperature we find that there is rapid growth of the imaginary component of the sound velocity, which implies a strong Landau damping. Quite remarkably, our theoretical results are in good agreement with very recent experimental data obtained with a uniform 2D Bose gas of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms.