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arXiv:0809.2976 · Physical Review Letters

Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Uniform Light-Induced Vector Potential

Y.-J. Lin, R. L. Compton, Abigail R. Perry, William D. Phillips, J. V. Porto, Ian B. Spielman

Published Mar 30, 2009• 527 citations
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Abstract

We use a two-photon dressing field to create an effective vector gauge potential for Bose-Einstein-condensed 87Rb atoms in the F=1 hyperfine ground state. These Raman-dressed states are spin and momentum superpositions, and we adiabatically load the atoms into the lowest energy dressed state. The effective Hamiltonian of these neutral atoms is like that of charged particles in a uniform magnetic vector potential whose magnitude is set by the strength and detuning of the Raman coupling. The spin and momentum decomposition of the dressed states reveals the strength of the effective vector potential, and our measurements agree quantitatively with a simple single-particle model. While the uniform effective vector potential described here corresponds to zero magnetic field, our technique can be extended to nonuniform vector potentials, giving nonzero effective magnetic fields.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.102.130401

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We use a two-photon dressing field to create an effective vector gauge potential for Bose-Einstein-condensed 87Rb atoms in the F=1 hyperfine ground state. These Raman-dressed states are spin and momentum superpositions, and we adiabatically load the atoms into the lowest energy dressed state. The effective Hamiltonian of these neutral atoms is like that of charged particles in a uniform magnetic vector potential whose magnitude is set by the strength and detuning of the Raman coupling. The spin and momentum decomposition of the dressed states reveals the strength of the effective vector potential, and our measurements agree quantitatively with a simple single-particle model. While the uniform effective vector potential described here corresponds to zero magnetic field, our technique can be extended to nonuniform vector potentials, giving nonzero effective magnetic fields.
Using two crossed 1064-nm optical-dipole-trap lasers to be the Raman beams, an effective vector gauge potential for Bose-Einstein condensed 87{}^{87}87Rb in the F=2F=2F=2 hyperfine ground state is experimentally created. The moderate strength of the Raman coupling still can be achieved when the detuning from atomic resonance is larger than the excited-state fine structure, since rubidium has 15 nm energy-level spitting. The atoms at the far detuning of the Raman coupling are loaded adiabatically into the dressed states by ramping the homogeneous bias magnetic field with different paths and the dressed states with different energies are studied experimentally. The experimental scheme can be easily extended to produce the synthetic magnetic or electric field by means of a spatial or time dependence of the effective vector potential.
We demonstrate synthetic azimuthal gauge potentials for Bose-Einstein condensates from engineering atom-light couplings. The gauge potential is created by adiabatically loading the condensate into the lowest energy Raman-dressed state, achieving a coreless vortex state. The azimuthal gauge potentials act as effective rotations and are tunable by the Raman coupling and detuning. We characterize the spin textures of the dressed states, in agreements with the theory. The lowest energy dressed state is stable with a 4.5-s half-atom-number-fraction lifetime. In addition, we exploit the azimuthal gauge potential to demonstrate the Hess-Fairbank effect, the analogue of Meissner effect in superconductors. The atoms in the absolute ground state has a zero quasiangular momentum and transits into a polar-core vortex when the synthetic magnetic flux is tuned to exceed a critical value. Our demonstration serves as a paradigm to create topological excitations by tailoring atom-light interactions where both types of SO(3) vortices in the |⟨F[over →]⟩|=1 manifold, coreless vortices and polar-core vortices, are created in our experiment. The gauge field in the stationary Hamiltonian opens a path to investigating rotation properties of atomic superfluids under thermal equilibrium.
A technique is described by which light-induced gauge potentials allow systems of ultracold neutral atoms to behave like charged particles in a magnetic field. Here, atoms move in a uniform laser field with a spatially varying Zeeman shift and experience an effective magnetic field. This technique is applicable for atoms with two or more internal ground states. Finally, an explicit model of the system using a single-mode two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation yields the expected vortex lattice.
The thesis presented has three components: experiments with artificial vector potentials, a new atom-chip apparatus designed and built for light-less fictitious gauge fields, and an imaging experiment. First, we introduce experiments with light-induced vector potentials using two-photon Raman coupling to simulate charged particles using charge neutral Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Depending on the spatial and temporal properties of the engineered vector potential, it is possible for ultracold atoms to experience different variants of an effective Lorenz force such as; magnetic fields, electric fields, and spin-orbit coupling, via coupling between an atom's internal spin and its linear momentum. In this context, we discuss the main focus of this thesis, the design and construction of an atom-chip apparatus for 87^{87}87Rb BECs for experiments with light-less artificial gauge fields. Eliminating the source of heating due to spontaneous emission will open new paths to explore artificial gauge fields in alkali fermions and will be a step towards the realization of simulated topological insulators using ultracold atoms. Finally, we will describe in detail an imaging experiment performed on this new apparatus, the reconstruction of the two-dimensional column density of a BEC using multiple defocused images taken simultaneously.
We use Raman coupling between magnetic sublevels of a 87 Rb BEC to create an effective vector gauge field for the neutral atoms. They behave as if they were charged particles in a magnetic vector potential. With appropriate spatial gradients and time derivatives of this vector potential we produce synthetic magnetic and electric fields for the atoms. This paper is a brief summary of the presentation made by the first author at ICAP 2010 in Cairns, Australia. It is not intended as a complete report on the research described, nor does it attempt to be a fully referenced documentation of that research and the relevant literature. Here, we provide references to the published work where a more complete description and more complete references to related literature may be found.
In this paper we demonstrate a technique that can create non-equilibrium vortex configurations with almost arbitrary charge and geometry in a Bose-Einstein condensate. We coherently transfer orbital angular momentum from a holographically generated light beam to a 87Rb condensate using a two-photon stimulated Raman process. Using matter wave interferometry, we verify the phase pattern imprinted onto the atomic wave function for a single vortex and a vortex-antivortex pair. In addition to their phase winding, the vortices created with this technique have an associated hyperfine spin texture.