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arXiv:0807.0031 · Physical Review A

Tunneling electroconductance of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates

V. M. Akulin, Yu. E. Lozovik, I. E. Mazets, A. G. Rudavets, A. Sarfati

Published Jun 5, 2009• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We consider an electron interacting with a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms that can form negative ions. The binding energy ${E}_{a}$ of an electron by a single neutral atom gives rise to a continuous band of electronic quantum states resulting from the process of charge exchange among the condensate atoms. When such a condensate is placed in between the two leads done from a material with Fermi energy close to ${E}_{a}$, the lead electrons can tunnel through the condensate via this band thus resulting in the condensate electroconductance. It turns out that this process is very sensitive to the interatomic distance, and it gets strongly suppressed by the quantum fluctuations of the condensate density with respect to the prediction of the mean-field theory as the result. We adapt the standard field theory methods originally developed for description of a particle propagating through a disordered potential and present an exactly soluble analytical model of the process. In contrast with the standard description widely known in the theory of disordered systems, we take into account inelastic processes associated with quantum transitions in the condensate. Possibilities of the experimental observation of the phenomenon are discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.063614

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We consider an electron interacting with a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms that can form negative ions. The binding energy Ea{E}_{a}Ea​ of an electron by a single neutral atom gives rise to a continuous band of electronic quantum states resulting from the process of charge exchange among the condensate atoms. When such a condensate is placed in between the two leads done from a material with Fermi energy close to Ea{E}_{a}Ea​, the lead electrons can tunnel through the condensate via this band thus resulting in the condensate electroconductance. It turns out that this process is very sensitive to the interatomic distance, and it gets strongly suppressed by the quantum fluctuations of the condensate density with respect to the prediction of the mean-field theory as the result. We adapt the standard field theory methods originally developed for description of a particle propagating through a disordered potential and present an exactly soluble analytical model of the process. In contrast with the standard description widely known in the theory of disordered systems, we take into account inelastic processes associated with quantum transitions in the condensate. Possibilities of the experimental observation of the phenomenon are discussed.
We consider the quantum dynamics of a neutral atom Bose- Einstein condensate in a double-well potential, including hard-sphere particle interactions. Using a mean-field factorization we show that the coherent oscillations due to tunnelling are suppressed when the number of atoms exceeds a critical value. An exact quantum solution, in a two-mode approximation, shows that the mean-field solution is modulated by a quantum collapse and revival sequence. Chaotic dynamics results when the potential is modulated.
The experimental study of condensate mixtures is a particularly exciting application of the recently developed atomic-trap Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) technology: such multiple condensates represent the first laboratory systems of distinguishable boson superfluid mixtures. In addition, as the authors point out in this paper, the possibility of inter-condensate tunneling greatly enhances the richness of the condensate mixture physics. Not only does tunneling give rise to the oscillating particle currents between condensates of different chemical potentials, such as those studied extensively in the condensed matter Josephson junction experiments, it also affects the near-equilibrium dynamics and stability of the condensate mixtures. In particular, the stabilizing influence of tunneling with respect to spatial separation (phase separation) could be of considerable practical importance to the atomic trap systems. Furthermore, the creation of mixtures of atomic and molecular condensates could introduce a novel type of tunneling process, involving the conversion of a pair of atomic condensate bosons into a single molecular condensate boson. The static description of condensate mixtures with such type of pair tunneling suggests the possibility of observing dilute condensates with the liquid-like property of a self-determined density.
Introduction Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) is one of the most intriguing phenomena in physics. The basic idea goes back to the 1920s, when Einstein made predictions for the behavior of atoms at sufficiently low temperatures and high densities. However, it took seven decades for experimental physicists to realize this phase under the low-density conditions envisioned by Einstein. In the intermediate period there were many experiments in which aspects of BEC played important roles. Therefore, phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity were connected to BEC long before its 1995 realization in ultra-cold, low-density atomic vapors. Since BEC can be discussed with very many different backgrounds and applications in mind, the subject can sometimes be overwhelming for interested students. There is a very good reason why a chapter on BEC does not belong in this book. In all the other chapters here, the processes described involve one or at most two atoms, and the interactions that play a role are between the particles that constitute the atom, namely between the nucleus (or nuclei) and their electrons. The interactions are described quantum mechanically by their Hamiltonian that can always be written exactly in non-relativistic terms, and in some cases can even be solved exactly. This makes atoms and molecules a branch of physics where comparisons between theory and experiments become very meaningful since theoretical predictions are often confirmed to very high accuracy. In BEC, it is the interactions among many atoms that are the key for understanding the phenomenon. Although in principle one could write a Hamiltonian for a Bose condensed gas, its large number of particles makes this not very practical. The starting point for the description of a BEC is in the area of many-body physics that belongs to the expertise of condensed-matter physicists. The interactions between ~10 23 electrons in a solid state with a lattice formed by ~10 23 ions resemble the kind of interactions in a BEC much more closely than the simple fewbody interactions in an atom or molecule. Thus all the theoretical models that have been described up to now are not applicable for the contents of this chapter.
The monograph is devoted to the main aspects of theoretical description of quantum many-body systems with Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac statistics. We provide a review of modern methods of theoretical research, both analytical and numerical, as well as experimental realizations of unique effects and phenomena in quantum systems. The main attention is given to the theoretical study of exotic states in degenerate gases of atoms and quasiparticles. We develop a methology to accurately determine chemical potentials and other thermodynamic characteristics of ideal Bose and Fermi gases. These allow us to describe the ultraslow-light phenomenon in ultracold atomic gases in the framework of the microscopic approach that accounts for the internal degrees of freedom of bound states. The formalism relies on the linear response theory applied for the case of weak perturbation by the external elecromagnetic field. We also study Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in ideal atomic gases in different regimes of degeneracy of atomic and photonic components. A special attention is given to the Bogoliubov method of quasiaverages and related theory of a weakly interacting Bose gas with condensate. We extend the Bogoliubov theory to examine the spinor condensate and its magnetic states, as well as the condensate of heteronuclear Fermi-Fermi molecules. We also study a spatially periodic state of Bose-Einstein condensate, which can serve as a model for supersolid state of matter and develop the hydrodynamic theory of the latter. We outline the main statements of the Fermi liquid theory including the Pomeranchuk stability conditions of the normal state. It is shown that the violation of stability conditions results in certain phase transitions associated with the breaking of translational symmetry and rotational symmetry in the momentum space. We review a progress in the theoretical description of ultracold Fermi gases consisting of neutral atoms in the presence of the optical lattice spatial modulation. In case of multicomponent systems, a number of unique magnetically-ordered states are theoretically studied and predicted. We also develop a theory of highly dispersive spinful excitons in cobaltite compounds that explains certain unusual magnetic properties and effects in the resonant inelastic X-ray scattering on these materials.