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arXiv:0805.3592 · Physical Review A

Deterministic optical quantum computer using photonic modules

Ashley M. Stephens, Zachary W. E. Evans, Simon J. Devitt, Andrew D. Greentree, Austin G. Fowler, William J. Munro, Jeremy L. O’Brien, Kae Nemoto, Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

Published Sep 17, 2008• 54 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The optical quantum computer is one of the few experimental systems to have demonstrated small scale quantum information processing. Making use of cavity quantum electrodynamics approaches to operator measurements, we detail an optical network for the deterministic preparation of arbitrarily large two-dimensional cluster states. We show that this network can form the basis of a large scale deterministic optical quantum computer that can be fabricated entirely on chip.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.78.032318

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The optical quantum computer is one of the few experimental systems to have demonstrated small scale quantum information processing. Making use of cavity quantum electrodynamics approaches to operator measurements, we detail an optical network for the deterministic preparation of arbitrarily large two-dimensional cluster states. We show that this network can form the basis of a large scale deterministic optical quantum computer that can be fabricated entirely on chip.
Large-scale quantum information processing and distributed quantum computation require the ability to perform entangling operations on a large number of qubits. We describe a new photonic module which prepares, deterministically, photonic cluster states using an atom in a cavity as an ancilla. Based on this module, we design a network for constructing 2D cluster states and then we extend the architecture to 3D topological cluster states. Advantages of our design include a passive switching mechanism and the possibility of using global control pulses for the atoms in the cavity. The architecture described here is well-suited for integrated photonic circuits on a chip and could be used as a basis of a future quantum optical processor or in a quantum repeater node.
Optical quantum computation has represented one of the most successful testbed systems for quantum information processing. Along with ion-traps and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), experimentalists have demonstrated control of qubits, multi-gubit gates and small quantum algorithms. However, photonic based qubits suffer from a problematic lack of a large scale architecture for fault-tolerant computation which could conceivably be built in the near future. While optical systems are, in some regards, ideal for quantum computing due to their high mobility and low susceptibility to environmental decoherence, these same properties make the construction of compact, chip based architectures difficult. Here we discuss many of the important issues related to scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation and introduce a feasible architecture design for an optics based computer. We combine the recent development of topological cluster state computation with the photonic module, simple chip based devices which can be utilized to deterministically entangle photons. The integration of this operational unit with one of the most exciting computational models solves many of the existing problems with other optics based architectures and leads to a feasible large scale design which can continuously generate a 3D cluster state with a photonic module resource cost linear in the cross sectional size of the cluster.
In this paper, we introduce a design for an optical topological cluster state computer constructed exclusively from a single quantum component. Unlike previous efforts we eliminate the need for on demand, high fidelity photon sources and detectors and replace them with the same device utilized to create photon/photon entanglement. This introduces highly probabilistic elements into the optical architecture while maintaining complete specificity of the structure and operation for a large-scale computer. Photons in this system are continually recycled back into the preparation network, allowing for an arbitrarily deep three-dimensional cluster to be prepared using a comparatively small number of photonic qubits and consequently the elimination of high-frequency, deterministic photon sources.
Photons are excellent carriers of quantum information; their polarization remains coherent for long times and it is easy to measure and precisely rotate. The fundamental hurdle with photon-based quantum information processing is the lack of direct photon-photon interactions to provide entanglement between pairs of photons. Recent proposals show the ability to build large cluster states from small entangled states using non-deterministic operations, but the generation of deterministic high-fidelity small entangled states remains a challenge. In this talk, we will show how the necessary cluster-state building blocks for large-scale quantum computation can be created from coupled solid-state quantum emitters without the need for any two-qubit gates and regardless of whether the emitters are identical. We provide a recipe for the generation of two-dimensional, ‘cluster-state’ entangled photons that can be carried out with existing experimental capabilities.
We propose an efficient approach for deterministically generating scalable cluster states with photons. This approach involves unitary transformations performed on atoms coupled to optical cavities. Its operation cost scales linearly with the number of qubits in the cluster state, and photon qubits are encoded such that single-qubit operations can be easily implemented by using linear optics. Robust optical one-way quantum computation can be performed since cluster states can be stored in atoms and then transferred to photons that can be easily operated and measured. Therefore, this proposal could help in performing robust large-scale optical one-way quantum computation.
The development of a large scale quantum computer is a highly sought after goal of fundamental research and consequently a highly non-trivial problem. Scalability in quantum information processing is not just a problem of qubit manufacturing and control but it crucially depends on the ability to adapt advanced techniques in quantum information theory, such as error correction, to the experimental restrictions of assembling qubit arrays into the millions. In this paper, we introduce a feasible architectural design for large scale quantum computation in optical systems. We combine the recent developments in topological cluster state computation with the photonic module, a simple chip-based device that can be used as a fundamental building block for a large-scale computer. The integration of the topological cluster model with this comparatively simple operational element addresses many significant issues in scalable computing and leads to a promising modular architecture with complete integration of active error correction, exhibiting high fault-tolerant thresholds.