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arXiv:0805.3542 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Entanglement of the valence-bond-solid state on an arbitrary graph

Ying Xu, V. E. Korepin

Published Nov 3, 2008• 6 citations
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Abstract

The Affleck–Kennedy–Lieb–Tasaki (AKLT) spin interacting model can be defined on an arbitrary graph. We explain the construction of the AKLT Hamiltonian. Given certain conditions, the ground state is unique and known as the valence-bond-solid (VBS) state. It can be used in measurement-based quantum computation as a resource state instead of the cluster state. We study the VBS ground state on an arbitrary connected graph. The graph is cut into two disconnected parts: the block and the environment. We study the entanglement between these two parts and prove that many eigenvalues of the density matrix of the block are zero. We describe a subspace of eigenvectors of the density matrix corresponding to non-zero eigenvalues. The subspace is the degenerate ground states of some Hamiltonian which we call the block Hamiltonian.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/41/50/505302

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The Affleck–Kennedy–Lieb–Tasaki (AKLT) spin interacting model can be defined on an arbitrary graph. We explain the construction of the AKLT Hamiltonian. Given certain conditions, the ground state is unique and known as the valence-bond-solid (VBS) state. It can be used in measurement-based quantum computation as a resource state instead of the cluster state. We study the VBS ground state on an arbitrary connected graph. The graph is cut into two disconnected parts: the block and the environment. We study the entanglement between these two parts and prove that many eigenvalues of the density matrix of the block are zero. We describe a subspace of eigenvectors of the density matrix corresponding to non-zero eigenvalues. The subspace is the degenerate ground states of some Hamiltonian which we call the block Hamiltonian.
This article reviews the quantum entanglement in Valence-Bond-Solid (VBS) states defined on a lattice or a graph. The subject is presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. The VBS state was first introduced in the celebrated paper by I. Affleck, T. Kennedy, E. H. Lieb and H. Tasaki (abbreviation AKLT is widely used). It became essential in condensed matter physics and quantum information (measurement-based quantum computation). Many publications have been devoted to the subject. Recently entanglement was studied in the VBS state. In this review, we start with the definition of a general AKLT spin chain and the construction of VBS ground state. In order to study entanglement, a block subsystem is introduced and described by the density matrix. Density matrices of 1-dimensional models are diagonalized and the entanglement entropies (the von Neumann entropy and Rényi entropy) are calculated. In the large block limit, the entropies also approach finite limits. Study of the spectrum of the density matrix led to the discovery that the density matrix is proportional to a projector.
We study a 1-dimensional AKLT spin chain, consisting of spins S in the bulk and S/2 at both ends. The unique ground state of this AKLT model is described by the Valence-Bond-Solid (VBS) state. We investigate the density matrix of a contiguous block of bulk spins in this ground state. It is shown that the density matrix is a projector onto a subspace of dimension (S + 1) 2. This subspace is described by nonzero eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the density matrix. We prove that for large block the von Neumann entropy coincides with Renyi entropy and is equal to ln (S + 1) 2.
We investigate the entanglement properties of the valence-bond-solid (VBS) state defined on two-dimensional lattices, which is the exact ground state of the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki model. It is shown that the entanglement entropy obeys an area law and the nonuniversal prefactor of the leading term is strictly less than ln2\mathrm{ln}2ln2. The analysis of entanglement spectra for various lattices reveals that the reduced density matrix associated with the VBS state is closely related to a thermal density matrix of a holographic spin chain, the spectrum of which is reminiscent of that of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain. This correspondence is further supported by comparing the entanglement entropy in the holographic spin chain with conformal field theory predictions.
We study quantum entanglement in the ground state of the Affleck–Kennedy–Lieb–Tasaki model defined on two-dimensional graphs with reflection and/or inversion symmetry. The ground state of this spin model is known as the valence-bond-solid state. We investigate the properties of a reduced density matrix of a subsystem which is a mirror image of the other one. Thanks to reflection symmetry, the eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix can be obtained by numerically diagonalizing a real symmetric matrix whose elements are calculated by Monte Carlo integration. We calculate the von Neumann entropy of the reduced density matrix. The obtained results indicate that there is some deviation from the naive expectation that the von Neumann entropy per valence bond on the boundary between the subsystems is ln 2. This deviation is interpreted in terms of the hidden spin chain along the boundary between the subsystems. In some cases where graphs are on ladders, the numerical results are analytically or algebraically confirmed.
Starting with the valence-bond solid (VBS) ground state of the 1D AKLT Hamiltonian, we make a partition of the system in two subsystems A and B , where A is a block of L consecutive spins and B is its complement. In that setting we compute the partial transpose density matrix with respect to A , . We obtain the spectrum of the transposed density matrix of the VBS pure system. Subsequently, we define two disjoint blocks, A and B , containing L A and L B spins, respectively, separated by L sites. Tracing away the spins which do not belong to A ∪ B , we find an expression for the reduced density matrix of the A and B blocks, ρ( A , B ). With this expression (in the thermodynamic limit), we compute the entanglement spectrum and other several entanglement measures, such as the purity P = tr(ρ( A , B ) 2 ), the negativity and the mutual entropy.
A brief note on the G2_22​ Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki chain