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arXiv:0803.3148 · Physical Review A

Loschmidt echo and Berry phase around degeneracies in nonlinear systems

X. X. Yi, X. L. Huang, Wei Wang

Published May 22, 2008• 10 citations
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Abstract

We study the Loschmidt echo and Berry phase in a nonlinear system transported around a double and a triple degeneracy. The nonlinearity of the system makes this Berry phase different from that in linear systems. We propose a witness of nonlinearity for the nonlinear system and show its dependence on the parameters of the system, taking the standard Landau-Zener model as an example. We calculate the Loschmidt echo (LE) or quantum fidelity in the quantum dynamics under perturbations around the degeneracy, and establish a connection between the LE and the witness of nonlinearity. These phases can be observed with current experimental technology in a nonlinear resonator.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.77.052115

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We study the Loschmidt echo and Berry phase in a nonlinear system transported around a double and a triple degeneracy. The nonlinearity of the system makes this Berry phase different from that in linear systems. We propose a witness of nonlinearity for the nonlinear system and show its dependence on the parameters of the system, taking the standard Landau-Zener model as an example. We calculate the Loschmidt echo (LE) or quantum fidelity in the quantum dynamics under perturbations around the degeneracy, and establish a connection between the LE and the witness of nonlinearity. These phases can be observed with current experimental technology in a nonlinear resonator.
We study the Loschmidt echo (LE) of a coupled system consisting of a central spin and its surrounding environment described by a general XYXYXY spin-chain model. The quantum dynamics of the LE is shown to be remarkably influenced by the quantum criticality of the spin chain. In particular, the decaying behavior of the LE is found to be controlled by the anisotropy parameter of the spin chain. Furthermore, we show that due to the coupling to the spin chain, the ground-state Berry phase for the central spin becomes nonanalytical and its derivative with respect to the magnetic parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ in spin chain diverges along the critical line $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1$, which suggests an alternative measurement of the quantum criticality of the spin chain.
We study the quantum Loschmidt echo (LE) in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a double-well potential. The BEC may undergo a dynamical phase transition between two phases: a tunneling phase and a self-trapping phase. For sufficiently weak perturbation, the LE has Gaussian decay in both phases. While, for relatively strong perturbation, the LE has a Gaussian decay in the self-trapping phase and has a stretched exponential decay in the tunneling phase. This qualitative difference in the decaying law of the LE in the two phases provides a characterization of the dynamical phase transition of the BEC. The semiclassical theory is used to explain the numerically observed behaviors of the LE decay.
The Loschmidt echo (LE) is a measure of the sensitivity of quantum mechanics to perturbations in the evolution operator. It is defined as the overlap of two wave functions evolved from the same initial state but with slightly different Hamiltonians. Thus, it also serves as a quantification of irreversibility in quantum mechanics. In this thesis the LE is studied in systems that have a classical counterpart with dynamical instability, that is, classically chaotic. An analytical treatment that makes use of the semiclassical approximation is presented. It is shown that, under certain regime of the parameters, the LE decays exponentially. Furthermore, for strong enough perturbations, the decay rate is given by the Lyapunov exponent of the classical system. Some particularly interesting examples are given. The analytical results are supported by thorough numerical studies. In addition, some regimes not accessible to the theory are explored, showing that the LE and its Lyapunov regime present the same form of universality ascribed to classical chaos. In a sense, this is evidence that the LE is a robust temporal signature of chaos in the quantum realm. Finally, the relation between the LE and the quantum to classical transition is explored, in particular with the theory of decoherence. Using two different approaches, a semiclassical approximation to Wigner functions and a master equation for the LE, it is shown that the decoherence rate and the decay rate of the LE are equal. The relationship between these quantities results mutually beneficial, in terms of the broader resources of decoherence theory and of the possible experimental realization of the LE.
We address the sensitivity of quantum mechanical time evolution by considering the time decay of the Loschmidt echo (LE) (or fidelity) for local perturbations of the Hamiltonian. Within a semiclassical approach we derive analytical expressions for the LE decay for chaotic systems for the whole range from weak to strong local perturbations and identify different decay regimes which complement those known for the case of global perturbations. For weak perturbations a Fermi-golden-rule (FGR) type behavior is recovered. For strong perturbations the escape-rate regime is reached, where the LE decays exponentially with a rate independent of the perturbation strength. The transition between the FGR regime and the escape-rate regime is non-monotonic, i.e. the rate of the exponential time-decay of the LE oscillates as a function of the perturbation strength. We further perform extensive quantum mechanical calculations of the LE based on numerical wave packet evolution which strongly support our semiclassical theory. Finally, we discuss in some detail possible experimental realizations for observing the predicted behavior of the LE.
The Loschmidt echo (LE) (or fidelity) quantifies the sensitivity of the time evolution of a quantum system with respect to a perturbation of the Hamiltonian. In a typical chaotic system the LE has been previously argued to exhibit a long-time saturation at a value inversely proportional to the effective size of the Hilbert space of the system. However, until now no quantitative results have been known and, in particular, no explicit expression for the proportionality constant has been proposed. In this paper we perform a quantitative analysis of the phenomenon of the LE saturation and provide the analytical expression for its long-time saturation value for a semiclassical particle in a two-dimensional chaotic billiard. We further perform extensive (fully quantum mechanical) numerical calculations of the LE saturation value and find the numerical results to support the semiclassical theory.