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arXiv:0803.2272 · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields

Quantum measurement information as a key to energy extraction from local vacuums

Masahiro Hotta

Published Aug 8, 2008• 109 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper, a protocol is proposed in which energy extraction from local vacuum states is possible by using quantum measurement information for the vacuum state of quantum fields. In the protocol, Alice, who stays at a spatial point, excites the ground state of the fields by a local measurement. Consequently, wave packets generated by Alice's measurement propagate the vacuum to spatial infinity. Let us assume that Bob stays away from Alice and fails to catch the excitation energy when the wave packets pass in front of him. Next Alice announces her local measurement result to Bob by classical communication. Bob performs a local unitary operation depending on the measurement result. In this process, positive energy is released from the fields to Bob's apparatus of the unitary operation. In the field systems, wave packets are generated with negative energy around Bob's location. Soon afterwards, the negative-energy wave packets begin to chase after the positive-energy wave packets generated by Alice and form loosely bound states.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.78.045006

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In this paper, a protocol is proposed in which energy extraction from local vacuum states is possible by using quantum measurement information for the vacuum state of quantum fields. In the protocol, Alice, who stays at a spatial point, excites the ground state of the fields by a local measurement. Consequently, wave packets generated by Alice's measurement propagate the vacuum to spatial infinity. Let us assume that Bob stays away from Alice and fails to catch the excitation energy when the wave packets pass in front of him. Next Alice announces her local measurement result to Bob by classical communication. Bob performs a local unitary operation depending on the measurement result. In this process, positive energy is released from the fields to Bob's apparatus of the unitary operation. In the field systems, wave packets are generated with negative energy around Bob's location. Soon afterwards, the negative-energy wave packets begin to chase after the positive-energy wave packets generated by Alice and form loosely bound states.
In this paper, a new quantum mechanical method to extract energy from black holes with contracting horizons is proposed. The method is based on a gedanken experiment on quantum energy teleportation, which has been recently proposed in quantum information theory. We consider this quantum energy teleportation protocol for NNN massless fields in near-horizon regions of large-mass black holes with near-horizon geometry described by the Minkowski metric. For each field, a two-level spin is strongly coupled with the local quantum fluctuation outside the horizon during a short time period. After the measurement of NNN fields, NNN-bit information is obtained. During the measurement, positive-energy wave packets of the fields form and then fall into the black hole. The amount of excitation energy is independent of the measurement result. After absorption of the wave packets and increase of the black-hole mass, a measurement-result-dependent local operation of the NNN fields is performed outside the horizon. Then, accompanying the extraction of positive energy from the quantum fluctuation by the operation, negative-energy wave packets of the fields form and then fall into the black hole, decreasing the black-hole mass. This implies that a part of the absorbed positive energy emitted from the measurement devices is effectively retrieved from the black hole via the measurement results.
Quantum energy teleportation (QET) is a protocol that unlocks the extraction of local energy and has been thought to fundamentally require classical communication (CC), since Bob must normally learn Alice's measurement outcome to perform the proper conditional operation (CO).In this work, we demonstrate that CC itself can be removed for the purpose of QET: When Bob's local operation is implemented through a weak coupling to an auxiliary qubit, the interaction naturally adapts to Alice's post-measurement state, thereby realizing the necessary CO without any classical message.This establishes a CC-free form of QET, which broadens its conceptual scope and suggests practical applications such as indirect external control for charging of quantum batteries.
Motivated by anomalous nonlocal correlation in the Kitaev spin liquids, we propose a quantum energy teleportation protocol between remote partners Alice and Bob on a quantum spin model, and examine how its performance is characterized by Majorana fermions that clearly depict nonlocal correlations inherent in the model. In our model, Bob's energy extraction is activated by energy injection by Alice's projective measurement and subsequent classical communication of the measurement result. We derive two formulas: one for the maximally extracted energy by the protocol, Δ E B max , and the other for the maximum of energy reduction in a local spin system where Bob performs feedback unitary operation, Δ E B , B max . The protocol aims to extract a positive amount of the former energy distinct from the latter due to the presence of an interaction between the local system and others. We find that the extracted energy becomes positive when a nonlocal correlator defined by Majorana fermions at Alice and Bob's sites is finite. We also find that the amount of the energy reduction becomes positive when another nonlocal Majorana correlator is finite. In both formulas, the correlators appear as a result of Bob's feedback unitary operation. We find that the latter formula is equal to the upper bound of energy extraction in the second law of effective information thermodynamics. We discuss the effective information-thermodynamical aspects behind the protocol at zero temperature.
We derive how the energy extractable from a quantum system through local operations depends on measurement-induced correlations with the apparatus. Starting from two-path wave–particle–entanglement (concurrence) triality relations of the form D² + V² + C² = 1, and the theory of quantum ergotropy, we prove that for a two-level system measured under the unambiguous quantum state discrimination (UQSD) protocol, the locally extractable energy satisfies E_loc = E₀√(1 − C²), where E₀ is the qubit excitation energy and C quantifies system–apparatus correlation. The total energy of the system–apparatus composite is conserved—what varies with measurement strength is access, not existence. At maximum correlation (λ = 0.25), only 70.7% of the system's energy is locally extractable; the remaining 29.3% requires joint operations on system and apparatus. We present experimental protocols to test these predictions using existing weak measurement technology.
We analyze a protocol of quantum energy teleportation that transports energy from the left edge of a linear ion crystal to the right edge by local operations and classical communication at a speed considerably greater than the speed of a phonon in the crystal. A probe qubit is strongly coupled with phonon fluctuation in the ground state for a short time and it is projectively measured in order to obtain information about this phonon fluctuation. During the measurement process, phonons are excited by the time-dependent measurement interaction and the energy of the excited phonons must be infused from outside the system. The obtained information is transferred to the right edge of the crystal through a classical channel. Even though the phonons excited at the left edge do not arrive at the right edge at the same time as when the information arrives at the right edge, we are able to soon extract energy from the ions at the right edge by using the transferred information. Because the intermediate ions of the crystal are not excited during the execution of the protocol, energy is transmitted in the energy-transfer channel without heat generation.
The discrimination of quantum measurements is an important subject of quantum information processes. In this paper we present a novel protocol for local quantum measurement discrimination with multi-qubit entanglement systems. It is shown that, in the case of Bob did not know Alice's result of measurement, if both two observers (Alice and Bob) agreed in advance that Alice should measure her qubits before an appointed time t, the local discrimination of two different kinds of measurement can be completed via numerous eight-qubit GHZ entangled states and selective projective measurement.