The exact dynamics of a system coupled to an environment can be described by an integro-differential stochastic equation for the reduced density. The influence of the environment is incorporated through a mean field which is both stochastic and nonlocal in time and where the standard two-time correlation functions of the environment appear naturally. Since no approximation is made, the presented theory incorporates exactly dissipative and non-Markovian effects. Applications to the spin-boson model coupled to a heat bath with various coupling regimes and temperature show that the presented stochastic theory can be a valuable tool to simulate exactly the dynamics of open quantum systems. Links with the stochastic Schrödinger equation method and possible extensions to "imaginary time" propagation are discussed.
The exact dynamics of a system coupled to an environment can be described by an integro-differential stochastic equation for the reduced density. The influence of the environment is incorporated through a mean field which is both stochastic and nonlocal in time and where the standard two-time correlation functions of the environment appear naturally. Since no approximation is made, the presented theory incorporates exactly dissipative and non-Markovian effects. Applications to the spin-boson model coupled to a heat bath with various coupling regimes and temperature show that the presented stochastic theory can be a valuable tool to simulate exactly the dynamics of open quantum systems. Links with the stochastic Schrödinger equation method and possible extensions to "imaginary time" propagation are discussed.
We extend a standard stochastic theory to study open quantum systems coupled to a generic quantum environment. We exemplify the general framework by studying a two-level quantum system coupled bilinearly to the three fundamental classes of non-interacting particles: bosons, fermions, and spins. In this unified stochastic approach, the generalized stochastic Liouville equation (SLE) formally captures the exact quantum dissipations when noise variables with appropriate statistics for different bath models are applied. Anharmonic effects of a non-Gaussian bath are precisely encoded in the bath multi-time correlation functions that noise variables have to satisfy. Starting from the SLE, we devise a family of generalized hierarchical equations by averaging out the noise variables and expand bath multi-time correlation functions in a complete basis of orthonormal functions. The general hierarchical equations constitute systems of linear equations that provide numerically exact simulations of quantum dynamics. For bosonic bath models, our general hierarchical equation of motion reduces exactly to an extended version of hierarchical equation of motion which allows efficient simulation for arbitrary spectral densities and temperature regimes. Similar efficiency and flexibility can be achieved for the fermionic bath models within our formalism. The spin bath models can be simulated with two complementary approaches in the present formalism. (I) They can be viewed as an example of non-Gaussian bath models and be directly handled with the general hierarchical equation approach given their multi-time correlation functions. (II) Alternatively, each bath spin can be first mapped onto a pair of fermions and be treated as fermionic environments within the present formalism.
All fields of physics - be it nuclear, atomic and molecular, solid state, or optical - offer examples of systems which are strongly influenced by the environment of the actual system under investigation. The scope of what is called "the environment" may vary, i.e., how far from the system of interest an interaction between the two does persist. Typically, however, it is much larger than the open system itself. Hence, a fully quantum mechanical treatment of the combined system without approximations and without limitations of the type of system is currently out of reach. With the single assumption of the environment to consist of an internally thermalized set of infinitely many harmonic oscillators, the seminal work of Stockburger and Grabert [Chem. Phys., 268:249-256, 2001] introduced an open system description that captures the environmental influence by means of a stochastic driving of the reduced system. The resulting stochastic Liouville-von Neumann equation describes the full non-Markovian dynamics without explicit memory but instead accounts for it implicitly through the correlations of the complex-valued noise forces. The present thesis provides a first application of the Stockburger-Grabert stochastic Liouville-von Neumann equation to the computation of the dynamics of anharmonic, continuous open systems. In particular, it is demonstrated that trajectory based propagators allow for the construction of a numerically stable propagation scheme. With this approach it becomes possible to achieve the tremendous increase of the noise sample count necessary to stochastically converge the results when investigating such systems with continuous variables. After a test against available analytic results for the dissipative harmonic oscillator, the approach is subsequently applied to the analysis of two different realistic, physical systems. As a first example, the dynamics of a dissipative molecular oscillator is investigated. Long time propagation - until thermalization is reached - is shown to be possible with the presented approach. The properties of the thermalized density are determined and they are ascertained to be independent of the system's initial state. Furthermore, the dependence on the bath's temperature and coupling strength is analyzed and it is demonstrated how a change of the bath parameters can be used to tune the system from the dissociative to the bound regime. A second investigation is conducted for a dissipative tunneling scenario in which a wave packet impinges on a barrier. The dependence of the transmission probability on the initial state's kinetic energy as well as the bath's temperature and coupling strength is computed. For both systems, a comparison with the high-temperature Markovian quantum Brownian limit is performed. The importance of a full non-Markovian treatment is demonstrated as deviations are shown to exist between the two descriptions both in the low temperature cases where they are expected and in some of the high temperature cases where their appearance might not be anticipated as easily.:1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 Theory of Open Quantum Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1 Influence Functional Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Quantum Brownian Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Stochastic Unraveling of the Influence Functional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Improved Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4.1 Modified Dynamic Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4.2 Guide Trajectory Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5 Obtaining Properly Correlated Stochastic Samples from Filtered White Noise 24 3 Unified Stochastic Trajectory Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1 Semiclassical Brownian Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.1.1 Guide Trajectory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.1.2 Real Coherent State Center Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.3 Propagation Scheme Including Stochastic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.2 Stochastic Bohmian Mechanics with Complex Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Formulation of Bohmian Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2.2 Bohmian Mechanics with Complex Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.2.3 Stochastic BOMCA Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.3 Noise Distribution Preserving Removal of Adverse Samples . . . . . . . . . . 39 4 Dissipative Harmonic Oscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1 Reservoir Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2 Harmonic Oscillator Analytic Expectation Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.2.1 Ohmic Bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.2.2 Drude Regularized Bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.3 Sampling Strategies and Analytic Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.4 Limits of the Markovian Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5 Dissipative Vibrational Dynamics of Diatomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.1 Molecular Morse Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2 Anharmonic Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.3 Transient Non-Markovian Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.4 Trapping by Dissipation and Thermalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6 Tunneling with Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.1 Eckart Barrier Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.2 Dissipative Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.3 Investigation of Markovianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7 Summary and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Appendix A Conventions for Constants, Reservoir Kernels, and Influence Phases 69 Appendix B Stochastic Calculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 B.1 Stochastic Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 B.2 Position Verlet Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 B.3 Runge-Kutta Fourth Order Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Appendix CMorse Oscillator Expectation Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Appendix DPrerequisites of a Successful Stochastic Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 D.1 Hubbard-Stratonovich Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 D.2 Kernels of the Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 D.2.1 Quadratic Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 D.2.2 Quartic Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 D.2.3 Strictly Ohmic Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 D.3 Guide Trajectory Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 D.3.1 Quadratic Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 D.3.2 Quartic Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 D.3.3 Strictly Ohmic Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 D.4 Computation of Matrix Elements and Expectation Values . . . . . . . . . . 92 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
This paper considers the extension of the non-Markovian stochastic approach for quantum open systems strongly coupled to a fermionic bath to the models in which the system operators commute with the fermionic bath. This technique can also be a useful tool for studying open quantum systems coupled to a spin-chain environment, which can be further transformed into an effective fermionic bath. We derive an exact stochastic Schr\"odinger equation (SSE), called the fermionic quantum state diffusion (QSD) equation, from the first principle by using the fermionic coherent state representation. The reduced density operator for the open system can be recovered from the stochastic average of the solutions to the QSD equation over the Grassmann-type noise. By employing the exact fermionic QSD equation, we can derive the corresponding exact master equation. The power of our approach is illustrated by the applications of our stochastic approach to several models of interest including the one-qubit dissipative model, the coupled two-qubit dissipative model, the quantum Brownian motion model, and the N-fermion model coupled to a fermionic bath. Different effects caused by the fermionic and bosonic baths on the dynamics of open systems are also discussed.
We present a stochastic projection formalism for the description of quantum dynamics in bosonic or spin environments. The Schrödinger equation in the coherent state representation with respect to the environmental degrees of freedom can be reformulated by employing the Feshbach partitioning technique for open quantum systems based on the introduction of suitable non-Hermitian projection operators. In this picture the reduced state of the system can be obtained as a stochastic average over pure state trajectories, for any temperature of the bath. The corresponding non-Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equations include a memory integral over the past states. In the case of harmonic environments and linear coupling the approach gives a new form of the established non-Markovian quantum state diffusion stochastic Schrödinger equation without functional derivatives. Utilizing spin coherent states, the evolution equation for spin environments resembles the bosonic case with, however, a non-Gaussian average for the reduced density operator.
Stochastic Schrodinger equations are used to describe the dynamics of a quantum open system in contact with a large environment, as an alternative to the commonly used master equations. We present a study of the two main types of non-Markovian stochastic Schrodinger equations, linear and nonlinear ones. We compare them both analytically and numerically, the latter for the case of a spin-boson model. We show in this paper that two linear stochastic Schrodinger equations, derived from different perspectives by Diosi, Gisin, and Strunz [Phys. Rev. A 58, 1699 (1998)], and Gaspard and Nagaoka [J. Chem. Phys. 13, 5676 (1999)], respectively, are equivalent in the relevant order of perturbation theory. Nonlinear stochastic Schrodinger equations are in principle more efficient than linear ones, as they determine solutions with a higher weight in the ensemble average which recovers the reduced density matrix of the quantum open system. However, it will be shown in this paper that for the case of a spin-boson system and weak coupling, this improvement does only occur in the case of a bath at high temperature. For low temperatures, the sampling of realizations of the nonlinear equation is practically equivalent to the sampling of the linear ones. We study further this result by analyzing, for both temperature regimes, the driving noise of the linear equations in comparison to that of the nonlinear equations.
Based on the stochastic unravelling of the reduced density operator in the Feynman path integral formalism for an open quantum system in touch with harmonic environments, a new non-Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equation (NMSSE) has been established that allows for the systematic perturbation expansion in the system-bath coupling to arbitrary order. This NMSSE can be transformed in a facile manner into the other two NMSSEs, i.e., non-Markovian quantum state diffusion and time-dependent wavepacket diffusion method. Benchmarked by numerically exact results, we have conducted a comparative study of the proposed method in its lowest order approximation, with perturbative quantum master equations in the symmetric spin-boson model and the realistic Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex. It is found that our method outperforms the second-order time-convolutionless quantum master equation in the whole parameter regime and even far better than the fourth-order in the slow bath and high temperature cases. Besides, the method is applicable on an equal footing for any kind of spectral density function and is expected to be a powerful tool to explore the quantum dynamics of large-scale systems, benefiting from the wavefunction framework and the time-local appearance within a single stochastic trajectory.