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arXiv:0801.3004 · Physical Review A

Nonlinear tunneling of Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical lattice: Signatures of quantum collapse and revival

V. S. Shchesnovich, V. V. Konotop

Published Jun 27, 2007• 27 citations
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Abstract

Quantum theory of the intraband resonant tunneling of a Bose-Einstein condensate loaded in a two-dimensional optical lattice is considered. It is shown that the phenomena of quantum collapse and revival can be observed in the fully quantum problem. The mean-field limit of the theory is analyzed using the WKB approximation for discrete equations, establishing in this way a direct connection between the two approaches conventionally used in very different physical contexts. More specifically we show that there exist two different regimes of tunneling and study dependence of quantum collapse and revival on the number of condensed atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.75.063628

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Quantum theory of the intraband resonant tunneling of a Bose-Einstein condensate loaded in a two-dimensional optical lattice is considered. It is shown that the phenomena of quantum collapse and revival can be observed in the fully quantum problem. The mean-field limit of the theory is analyzed using the WKB approximation for discrete equations, establishing in this way a direct connection between the two approaches conventionally used in very different physical contexts. More specifically we show that there exist two different regimes of tunneling and study dependence of quantum collapse and revival on the number of condensed atoms.
The intraband tunneling of a Bose-Einstein condensate between three degenerate high-symmetry XXX points of the Brillouin zone of a cubic optical lattice is studied in the quantum regime by reduction to a three-mode model. The mean-field approximation of the deduced model is described. Compared to the previously reported two-dimensional (2D) case [V. S. Shchesnovich and V. V. Konotop, Phys. Rev. A 75, 063628 (2007)], which is reducible to the two-mode model, in the case under consideration there exist a number of new stable stationary atomic distributions between the XXX points and a new critical lattice parameter. The quantum collapses and revivals of the atomic population dynamics are absent for the experimentally realizable time span. The 2D stationary configurations, embedded into the 3D lattice, turn out to be always unstable, while the existence of a stable 1D distribution, where all atoms populate only one XXX state, may serve as a starting point in an experimental study of nonlinear tunneling in a 3D lattice.
We present a thorough analysis of the nonlinear tunneling of Bose-Einstein condensates in static and accelerating two-dimensional lattices within the framework of the mean-field approximation. We deal with nonseparable lattices, considering different initial atomic distributions in highly symmetric states. For an analytical description of the condensate before instabilities develop, we derive several few-mode models, analyzing essentially both nonlinear and quasilinear regimes of tunneling. By direct numerical simulations, we show that two-mode models provide an accurate description of tunneling when either initially two states are populated or tunneling occurs between two stable states. Otherwise, a two-mode model may give only useful qualitative hints for understanding tunneling, but does not reproduce many features of the phenomenon. This reflects the crucial role of instabilities developed due to two-body interactions resulting in a non-negligible population of the higher bands. This effect becomes even more pronounced in the case of accelerating lattices. In the latter case we show that the direction of the acceleration is a relevant physical parameter which affects the tunneling by changing the atomic rates at different symmetric states and by changing the numbers of bands involved in the atomic transfer.
We consider the quantum dynamics of a neutral atom Bose- Einstein condensate in a double-well potential, including hard-sphere particle interactions. Using a mean-field factorization we show that the coherent oscillations due to tunnelling are suppressed when the number of atoms exceeds a critical value. An exact quantum solution, in a two-mode approximation, shows that the mean-field solution is modulated by a quantum collapse and revival sequence. Chaotic dynamics results when the potential is modulated.
By loading Bose-Einstein condensates into a three dimensional optical lattice potential we are able to demonstrate several new intriguing regimes in the physics of ultracold atoms. For example by changing the lattice potential depth we have been able to induce a quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulating ground state of the system. Furthermore, by rapidly isolating the different potential wells from each other the collapse and revival of the matter wave field of a Bose-Einstein condensate has been observed. 1
In this review we discuss the dynamics of the phase of trapped Bose–Einstein condensates. In particular we consider the phenomena of phase decoherence (termed also as phase collapse, or diffusion), and phase revival in systems of interacting atoms. We analyse the dependence of the collapse and revival times on the trap potential, dimensionality of the gas, atom number fluctuations, and on the coherent dynamics of the condensate. We show that in a class of experimentally relevant systems, the collapse time is relatively short, and in some cases vanishes in the limit of a large number of atoms, implying that the trapped Bose gas cannot sustain a well-defined quantum phase, and that the phase memory is lost on a relatively short time scale. Furthermore, we calculate the relative atom number fluctuations or a model of two interacting condensates, and show that the fluctuations are generically sub-Poissonian.