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arXiv:0801.0624 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

One-dimensional lattice of permanent magnetic microtraps for ultracold atoms on an atom chip

Mahima Singh, Michael Volk, A. M. Akulshin, A Sidorov, Russell McLean, Peter Hannaford

Published Mar 10, 2008• 49 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report on the loading and trapping of ultracold atoms in a one-dimensional permanent magnetic lattice of period 10 µm produced on an atom chip. The grooved structure which generates the magnetic lattice potential is fabricated on a silicon substrate and coated with a perpendicularly magnetized multilayered TbGdFeCo/Cr film of effective thickness 960 nm. Ultracold atoms are evaporatively cooled in a Z-wire magnetic trap and then adiabatically transferred to the magnetic lattice potential by applying an appropriate bias field. Under our experimental conditions trap frequencies of up to 90 kHz in the magnetic lattice are measured and the atoms are trapped at a distance of less than 5 µm from the surface with a measured lifetime of about 450 ms. These results are important in the context of studies of quantum coherence of neutral atoms in periodic magnetic potentials on an atom chip.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/41/6/065301

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We report on the loading and trapping of ultracold atoms in a one-dimensional permanent magnetic lattice of period 10 µm produced on an atom chip. The grooved structure which generates the magnetic lattice potential is fabricated on a silicon substrate and coated with a perpendicularly magnetized multilayered TbGdFeCo/Cr film of effective thickness 960 nm. Ultracold atoms are evaporatively cooled in a Z-wire magnetic trap and then adiabatically transferred to the magnetic lattice potential by applying an appropriate bias field. Under our experimental conditions trap frequencies of up to 90 kHz in the magnetic lattice are measured and the atoms are trapped at a distance of less than 5 µm from the surface with a measured lifetime of about 450 ms. These results are important in the context of studies of quantum coherence of neutral atoms in periodic magnetic potentials on an atom chip.
We report the loading of a 1D permanent magnetic lattice with ultracold atoms on an atom chip. Our magnetic lattice is produced by a perpendicularly magnetised film of Gd10Tb6Fe80Co4 deposited on a 10 μm period grooved structure. A BEC is created in a Z-wire trap about 300 μm from the surface of the chip. An atom cloud at about 5 μK is moved adiabatically towards the lattice by an appropriate bias field. We estimate that about one hundred lattice sites are loaded with atoms about 7 μm from the chip surface at a temperature of about 10 μK.
We report the trapping of ultracold 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in a 0.7-$\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$-period two-dimensional triangular magnetic lattice on an atom chip. The magnetic lattice is created by a lithographically patterned magnetic Co/Pd multilayer film plus bias fields. Rubidium atoms in the $|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ low-field seeking state are trapped at estimated distances down to about 100nm100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}100nm from the chip surface and with calculated mean trapping frequencies up to about 800kHz800\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}800kHz. The measured lifetimes of the atoms trapped in the magnetic lattice are in the range 0.4--1.7ms1.7\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ms}1.7ms, depending on distance from the chip surface. Model calculations suggest the trap lifetimes are currently limited mainly by losses due to one-dimensional thermal evaporation following loading of the atoms from the ZZZ-wire trap into the very tight magnetic lattice traps, rather than by fundamental loss processes such as surface interactions, three-body recombination, or spin flips due to Johnson magnetic noise. The trapping of atoms in a $0.7\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-period magnetic lattice represents a significant step toward using magnetic lattices for quantum tunneling experiments and to simulate condensed matter and many-body phenomena in nontrivial lattice geometries.
Atom chips provide a convenient platform to study ultracold quantum gases and their interactions with electromagnetic fields, surfaces, micro-magnetic structures, superconducting circuits and nanomechanical systems. The research work presented in this thesis is classified in two major categories. The first part is focused on the development and construction of a permanent magnetic lattice on an atom chip and the study of trapped atoms in the permanent magnetic lattice potential. In the second part, a new experiment is proposed to create a macroscopic entanglement between the flux state of a superconducting loop and a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) on a superconducting atom chip. The permanent magnetic lattice potential is produced by applying a uniform bias magnetic field to a grooved silicon structure coated with a permanent magnetic film. The magnetic film consists of a multilayer structure of GdTbFeCo with perpendicular intrinsic magnetization. The permanent magnetic structure is mounted beneath a current carrying wire structure glued to a ceramic insulator. The current carrying wires assist in the preparation of the ultracold atoms and for loading into the magnetic lattice. In addition, the current carrying wires are used to produce a BEC in a Z- wire magnetic trap. The magnetic lattice potential is produced by a one-dimensional array of highly anisotropic and extremely tight magnetic microtraps of period 10 ¹m. A detailed study of the reflection dynamics of atoms in the magnetic lattice potential is presented along with numerical simulations. Finally, the trapping of atoms in the permanent magnetic lattice at a distance less than 5 ¹m from the surface of the atom chip is described. The properties of the trapped atoms including lifetime, temperature and trap frequency are discussed. A maximum radial trap frequency of about 90 kHz is measured in the magnetic lattice potential with no confinement applied along the axial direction. A new experiment which combines the quantum coherent dynamics in superconducting circuits and BEC manipulation on a superconducting atom chip is proposed and investigated. It is shown how a macroscopic entanglement can be produced between the flux state of a superconducting loop and the state of a BEC trapped in a magnetic trap. In addition, the detection of the macroscopic entanglement based on a quantum eraser and an entangled BEC interference is discussed. Thus, this proposal provides a platform to realise interferometry with an entangled BEC and to explore the quantum-classical interface.
We describe the fabrication and construction of a setup for creating lattices of magnetic microtraps for ultracold atoms on an atom chip. The lattice is defined by lithographic patterning of a permanent magnetic film. Patterned magnetic-film atom chips enable a large variety of trapping geometries over a wide range of length scales. We demonstrate an atom chip with a lattice constant of 10 μm, suitable for experiments in quantum information science employing the interaction between atoms in highly excited Rydberg energy levels. The active trapping region contains lattice regions with square and hexagonal symmetry, with the two regions joined at an interface. A structure of macroscopic wires, cutout of a silver foil, was mounted under the atom chip in order to load ultracold (87)Rb atoms into the microtraps. We demonstrate loading of atoms into the square and hexagonal lattice sections simultaneously and show resolved imaging of individual lattice sites. Magnetic-film lattices on atom chips provide a versatile platform for experiments with ultracold atoms, in particular for quantum information science and quantum simulation.
Abstract We report on the design, fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanostructures to create a lattice of magnetic traps with sub-micron period for trapping ultracold atoms. These magnetic nanostructures were fabricated by patterning a Co/Pd multilayered magnetic film grown on a silicon substrate using high precision e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The Co/Pd film was chosen for its small grain size and high remanent magnetization and coercivity. The fabricated structures are designed to magnetically trap 87 Rb atoms above the surface of the magnetic film with one-dimensional and two-dimensional (triangular and square) lattice geometries and sub-micron period. Such magnetic lattices can be used for quantum tunneling and quantum simulation experiments, including using geometries and periods that may be inaccessible with optical lattices.
We propose the use of periodic arrays of permanent magnetic films for producing magnetic lattices of microtraps for confining, manipulating and controlling small clouds of ultracold atoms and quantum degenerate gases. Using analytical expressions and numerical calculations we show that periodic arrays of magnetic films can produce one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) magnetic lattices with non-zero potential minima, allowing ultracold atoms to be trapped without losses due to spin flips. In particular, we show that two crossed layers of periodic arrays of parallel rectangular magnets plus bias fields, or a single layer of periodic arrays of square-shaped magnets with three different thicknesses plus bias fields, can produce 2D magnetic lattices of microtraps having non-zero potential minima and controllable trap depth. For arrays with micron-scale periodicity, the magnetic microtraps can have very large trap depths ($\sim$0.5 mK for the realistic parameters chosen for the 2D lattice) and very tight confinement.