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arXiv:0712.4063 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

The distribution of Lee–Yang zeros and Griffiths singularities in the ±Jmodel of spin glasses

Yoshiki Matsuda, Hidetoshi Nishimori, Koji Hukushima

Published Jul 30, 2008• 18 citations
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Abstract

We investigate the distribution of zeros of the partition function of the two- and three-dimensional symmetric ± J Ising spin glasses on the complex field plane. We use the method to analytically implement the idea of a numerical transfer matrix which provides us with the exact expression of the partition function as a polynomial of fugacity. The results show that zeros are distributed in a wide region in the complex field plane. Nevertheless, we observe that zeros on the imaginary axis play dominant roles in the critical behaviour since zeros on the imaginary axis are in closer proximity to the real axis. We estimate the density of zeros on the imaginary axis by an importance-sampling Monte Carlo algorithm, which enables us to sample very rare events. Our result suggests that the density has an essential singularity at the origin. This observation is consistent with the existence of Griffiths singularities in the present systems. This is the first evidence for Griffiths singularities in spin glass systems in equilibrium.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/41/32/324012

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We investigate the distribution of zeros of the partition function of the two- and three-dimensional symmetric ± J Ising spin glasses on the complex field plane. We use the method to analytically implement the idea of a numerical transfer matrix which provides us with the exact expression of the partition function as a polynomial of fugacity. The results show that zeros are distributed in a wide region in the complex field plane. Nevertheless, we observe that zeros on the imaginary axis play dominant roles in the critical behaviour since zeros on the imaginary axis are in closer proximity to the real axis. We estimate the density of zeros on the imaginary axis by an importance-sampling Monte Carlo algorithm, which enables us to sample very rare events. Our result suggests that the density has an essential singularity at the origin. This observation is consistent with the existence of Griffiths singularities in the present systems. This is the first evidence for Griffiths singularities in spin glass systems in equilibrium.
A numerical technique to find out the distribution of the zeros of the partition function in the complex field plane is presented for the lsing model with arbitrary nearest-neighbor interactions. We apply it to the symmetric ± J model in two and three dimensions and obtain the distribution of the zeros of the effective partition function whose zeros in the complex field plane determine the analytical properties of the configuration-averaged free energy. Making use of the results, we discuss some problems of the short-range spin glass model including the existence of the Griffiths singularity and the AT line.
Here we study the partition function zeros of the one-dimensional Blume–Emery–Griffiths model close to their edge singularities. The model contains four couplings ( H , J , Δ, K ) including the magnetic field H and the Ising coupling J . We assume that only one of the three couplings ( J , Δ, K ) is complex and the magnetic field is real. The generalized zeros z i tend to form continuous curves on the complex z -plane in the thermodynamic limit. The linear density at the edges z E diverges usually with ρ( z ) ∼ | z − z E | σ and σ = −1/2. However, as in the case of complex magnetic fields (Yang–Lee edge singularity), if we have a triple degeneracy of the transfer matrix eigenvalues a new critical behavior with σ = −2/3 can appear as we prove here explicitly for the cases where either Δ or K is complex. Our proof applies for a general three-state spin model with short-range interactions. The Fisher zeros (complex J ) are more involved; in practice, we have not been able to find an explicit example with σ = −2/3 as far as the other couplings ( H , Δ, K ) are kept as real numbers. Our results are supported by numerical computations of zeros. We show that it is absolutely necessary to have a non-vanishing magnetic field for a new critical behavior. The appearance of σ = −2/3 at the edge closest to the positive real axis indicates its possible relevance for tricritical phenomena in higher-dimensional spin models.
We report a Monte Carlo study of the effects of fluctuations in the bond distribution of Ising spin glasses in a transverse magnetic field, in the paramagnetic phase in the T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limit. Rare, strong fluctuations give rise to Griffiths singularities, which can dominate the zero-temperature behavior of these quantum systems, as originally demonstrated by McCoy for one-dimensional (d=1) systems. Our simulations are done on a square lattice in d=2 and a cubic lattice in d=3, for a Gaussian distribution of nearest neighbor (only) bonds. In d=2, where the linear susceptibility was found to diverge at the critical transverse field strength ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for the order-disorder phase transition at T=0, the average nonlinear susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{nl}}$ diverges in the paramagnetic phase for \ensuremath{\Gamma} well above ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$, as is also demonstrated in the accompanying paper by Rieger and Young. In d=3, the linear susceptibility remains finite at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$, and while Griffiths singularity effects are certainly observable in the paramagnetic phase, the nonlinear susceptibility appears to diverge only rather close to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$. These results show that Griffiths singularities remain persistent in dimensions above one (where they are known to be strong), though their magnitude decreases monotonically with increasing dimensionality (there being no Griffiths singularities in the limit of infinite dimensionality). \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Griffiths singularity in quasi-one dimensional restricted ±J\pm J±J Ising spin glass
We obtain the exact ground state energy of the quasi-one dimensional restricted ±J\pm J±J Ising spin glass in a uniform magnetic field using the transfer matrix method. Magnetic field dependence allows us to derive the magnetization as a function of concentration and magnetic field. It turns out that, in the limit of zero field, the magnetization tends to a nonzero value with a singular dependence on the magnetic field. We derive the explicit form of the singularity in thermodynamic quantities such as energy E≃E0+m0h+E1e−h0/hE\simeq E_0+m_0 h + E_1e^{-h_0/h}E≃E0​+m0​h+E1​e−h0​/h, which is an essential singularity known as Griffiths singularity. We confirm our analytical results using the numerical approach based on iterative equations for energy.
The Lee-Yang circle theorem revolutionized our understanding of phase transitions in ferromagnetic systems by showing that the complex zeros of partition functions lie on the unit circle, with criticality arising as these zeros approach the real axis in the thermodynamic limit. However, in frustrated systems such as antiferromagnets and spin glasses, the zeros deviate from this structure, making it challenging to extend the Lee-Yang theory to disordered systems. In this work, we establish a new circle theorem for two-dimensional Ising spin glasses, proving that the square of the partition function exhibits zeros densely packed along the unit circle. Numerical simulations on the square lattice confirm our theoretical predictions, demonstrating the validity of the circle law for quenched disorder. Furthermore, our results uncover a finite-temperature crossover in ±J\pm J±J spin glasses, characterized by the emergence of a spectral gap in the angular distribution of zeros. This result extends the Lee-Yang framework to disordered systems, offering new insights into spin-glass criticality.
We obtain the exact ground-state energy of the quasi-one-dimensional restricted ±J Ising spin glass in a uniform magnetic field using the transfer matrix method. Magnetic field dependence allows us to derive the magnetization as a function of concentration and magnetic field. It turns out that, in the limit of zero field, the magnetization tends to a nonzero value with a singular dependence on the magnetic field. We derive the explicit form of the singularity in thermodynamic quantities such as energy E≃E_{0}+m_{0}h+E_{1}e^{-h_{0}/h}, which is an essential singularity known as Griffiths singularity. We confirm our analytical results using the numerical approach based on iterative equations for energy.