Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:0711.4520 · Physical Review A

Nonlocal density correlations as a signature of Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes

Roberto Balbinot, Alessandro Fabbri, Serena Fagnocchi, Alessio Recati, Iacopo Carusotto

Published Aug 19, 2008• 207 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We have used the analogy between gravitational systems and nonhomogeneous fluid flows to calculate the density-density correlation function of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of an acoustic black hole. The emission of correlated pairs of phonons by Hawking-like process results into a peculiar long-range density correlation. Quantitative estimations of the effect are provided for realistic experimental configurations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.78.021603

Related papers

Numerical observation of Hawking radiation from acoustic black holes in atomic Bose–Einstein condensates

Iacopo Carusotto, Serena Fagnocchi, Alessio Recati +2 more

We report numerical evidence of Hawking emission of Bogoliubov phonons from a sonic horizon in a flowing one-dimensional atomic Bose–Einstein condensate. The presence of Hawking radiation is revealed from peculiar long-range patterns in the density–density correlation function of the gas. Quantitative agreement between our fully microscopic calculations and the prediction of analog models is obtained in the hydrodynamic limit. New features are predicted and the robustness of the Hawking signal against a finite temperature discussed.

arXiv:0803.0507•New Journal of Physics•Oct 2, 2008•290 citations

Quantum fluctuations around black hole horizons in Bose-Einstein condensates

Pierre-Élie Larré, Alessio Recati, Iacopo Carusotto +1 more

We study several realistic configurations making it possible to realize an acoustic horizon in the flow of a one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate. In each case we give an analytical description of the flow pattern, the spectrum of Hawking radiation, and the associated quantum fluctuations. Our calculations confirm that the nonlocal correlations of the density fluctuations previously studied in a simplified model provide a clear signature of Hawking radiation also in realistic configurations. In addition, we explain by direct computation how this nonlocal signal relates to short-range modifications of the density correlations.

arXiv:1110.4464•Physical Review A•Jan 17, 2012•104 citations

Observing Hawking radiation in Bose-Einstein condensates via correlation measurements

Alessandro Fabbri

Observing quantum particle creation by black holes (Hawking radiation) in the astrophysical context is, in ordinary situations, hopeless. Nevertheless the Hawking effect, which depends only on kinematical properties of wave propagation in the presence of horizons, is present also in nongravitational contexts, for instance in stationary fluids undergoing supersonic flow. We present results on how to observe the analog Hawking radiation in Bose-Einstein condensates by a direct measurement of the density correlations due to the phonon pairs (Hawking quanta-partner) created by the acoustic horizon.

arXiv:1212.5392•Dec 21, 2012•0 citations

Black-hole radiation in Bose-Einstein condensates

Jean Macher, Renaud Parentani

We study the phonon fluxes emitted when the condensate velocity crosses the speed of sound, i.e., in backgrounds which are analogous to that of a black hole. We focus on elongated one-dimensional condensates and on stationary flows. Our theoretical analysis and numerical results are based on the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equation without further approximation. The spectral properties of the fluxes and of the long distance density-density correlations are obtained, both with and without an initial temperature. In realistic conditions, we show that the condensate temperature dominates the fluxes and thus hides the presence of the spontaneous emission (the Hawking effect). We also explain why the temperature amplifies the long distance correlations which are intrinsic to this effect. This confirms that the correlation pattern offers a neat signature of the Hawking effect. Optimal conditions for observing the pattern are discussed, as well as correlation patterns associated with scattering of classical waves. Flows associated with white holes are also considered.

arXiv:0905.3634•Physical Review A•Oct 2, 2009•192 citations

Bogoliubov theory of acoustic Hawking radiation in Bose-Einstein condensates

Alessio Recati, Nicolas Pavloff, Iacopo Carusotto

We apply the microscopic Bogoliubov theory of dilute Bose-Einstein condensates to analyze quantum and thermal fluctuations in a flowing atomic condensate in the presence of a sonic horizon. For the simplest case of a step-like horizon, closed-form analytical expressions are found for the spectral distribution of the analog Hawking radiation and for the density correlation function. The peculiar long-distance density correlations that appear as a consequence of the Hawking emission features turns out to be reinforced by a finite initial temperature of the condensate. The analytical results are in good quantitative agreement with first principle numerical calculations.

arXiv:0907.4305•Physical Review A•Oct 7, 2009•169 citations

Ramp-up of Hawking Radiation in Bose-Einstein-Condensate Analog Black Holes

Alessandro Fabbri, Roberto Balbinot

Inspired by a recent experiment by Steinhauer and co-workers, we present a simple model which describes the formation of an acoustic black hole in a Bose-Einstein condensate, allowing an analytical computation of the evolution in time of the corresponding density-density correlator. We show the emergence of analog Hawking radiation out of a "quantum atmosphere" region significantly displaced from the horizon. This is quantitatively studied both at T=0 and even in the presence of an initial temperature T, as is always the case experimentally.

arXiv:2005.04443•Physical Review Letters•Mar 18, 2021•21 citations
We have used the analogy between gravitational systems and nonhomogeneous fluid flows to calculate the density-density correlation function of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of an acoustic black hole. The emission of correlated pairs of phonons by Hawking-like process results into a peculiar long-range density correlation. Quantitative estimations of the effect are provided for realistic experimental configurations.
We report numerical evidence of Hawking emission of Bogoliubov phonons from a sonic horizon in a flowing one-dimensional atomic Bose–Einstein condensate. The presence of Hawking radiation is revealed from peculiar long-range patterns in the density–density correlation function of the gas. Quantitative agreement between our fully microscopic calculations and the prediction of analog models is obtained in the hydrodynamic limit. New features are predicted and the robustness of the Hawking signal against a finite temperature discussed.
We study several realistic configurations making it possible to realize an acoustic horizon in the flow of a one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate. In each case we give an analytical description of the flow pattern, the spectrum of Hawking radiation, and the associated quantum fluctuations. Our calculations confirm that the nonlocal correlations of the density fluctuations previously studied in a simplified model provide a clear signature of Hawking radiation also in realistic configurations. In addition, we explain by direct computation how this nonlocal signal relates to short-range modifications of the density correlations.
Observing quantum particle creation by black holes (Hawking radiation) in the astrophysical context is, in ordinary situations, hopeless. Nevertheless the Hawking effect, which depends only on kinematical properties of wave propagation in the presence of horizons, is present also in nongravitational contexts, for instance in stationary fluids undergoing supersonic flow. We present results on how to observe the analog Hawking radiation in Bose-Einstein condensates by a direct measurement of the density correlations due to the phonon pairs (Hawking quanta-partner) created by the acoustic horizon.
We study the phonon fluxes emitted when the condensate velocity crosses the speed of sound, i.e., in backgrounds which are analogous to that of a black hole. We focus on elongated one-dimensional condensates and on stationary flows. Our theoretical analysis and numerical results are based on the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equation without further approximation. The spectral properties of the fluxes and of the long distance density-density correlations are obtained, both with and without an initial temperature. In realistic conditions, we show that the condensate temperature dominates the fluxes and thus hides the presence of the spontaneous emission (the Hawking effect). We also explain why the temperature amplifies the long distance correlations which are intrinsic to this effect. This confirms that the correlation pattern offers a neat signature of the Hawking effect. Optimal conditions for observing the pattern are discussed, as well as correlation patterns associated with scattering of classical waves. Flows associated with white holes are also considered.
We apply the microscopic Bogoliubov theory of dilute Bose-Einstein condensates to analyze quantum and thermal fluctuations in a flowing atomic condensate in the presence of a sonic horizon. For the simplest case of a step-like horizon, closed-form analytical expressions are found for the spectral distribution of the analog Hawking radiation and for the density correlation function. The peculiar long-distance density correlations that appear as a consequence of the Hawking emission features turns out to be reinforced by a finite initial temperature of the condensate. The analytical results are in good quantitative agreement with first principle numerical calculations.
Inspired by a recent experiment by Steinhauer and co-workers, we present a simple model which describes the formation of an acoustic black hole in a Bose-Einstein condensate, allowing an analytical computation of the evolution in time of the corresponding density-density correlator. We show the emergence of analog Hawking radiation out of a "quantum atmosphere" region significantly displaced from the horizon. This is quantitatively studied both at T=0 and even in the presence of an initial temperature T, as is always the case experimentally.