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arXiv:0711.3230 · Physical Review A

Many-body Landau-Zener tunneling in the Bose-Hubbard model

Andrea Tomadin, R. Mannella, Sandro Wimberger

Published Jan 7, 2008• 30 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study a model for ultracold, spinless atoms in quasi-one-dimensional optical lattices and subjected to a tunable tilting force. Statistical tests are employed to quantitatively characterize the spectrum of the Floquet-Bloch operator of the system along the transition from the regular to the quantum chaotic regime. Moreover, we perturbatively include the coupling of the one-band model to the second energy band. This allows us to study the Landau-Zener interband tunneling within a truly many-body description of ultracold atoms. The distributions of the computed tunneling rates provide an independent and experimentally accessible signature of the regular-chaotic transition.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.77.013606

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We study a model for ultracold, spinless atoms in quasi-one-dimensional optical lattices and subjected to a tunable tilting force. Statistical tests are employed to quantitatively characterize the spectrum of the Floquet-Bloch operator of the system along the transition from the regular to the quantum chaotic regime. Moreover, we perturbatively include the coupling of the one-band model to the second energy band. This allows us to study the Landau-Zener interband tunneling within a truly many-body description of ultracold atoms. The distributions of the computed tunneling rates provide an independent and experimentally accessible signature of the regular-chaotic transition.
This paper deals with the spectral properties of the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian amended by an external static field-a model for cold spinless atoms loaded in a quasi-one-dimensional optical lattice and subject to an additional static (for example, gravitational) force. The analysis is performed in terms of the Floquet-Bloch operator, defined as the evolution operator of the system over one Bloch period. Depending on the particular choice of parameters, the spectrum is found to be either regular or chaotic. Moreover, in the chaotic case, the matrix of the Floquet-Bloch operator is well characterized as a random matrix of the circular orthogonal ensemble.
Quantum tunneling is one of the most fundamental processes in nature. Single particle hopping of ultracold atoms in optical lattices changes its character dramatically when the ensemble is prepared in strongly correlated quantum phases due to atom-atom interactions. Correlated hopping in a Mott-insulating chain of bosons that is tilted to the Mott gap has recently been employed to study long-range order in the 1D transvers Ising model [1,2]. We study correlated tunneling dynamics for an ensemble of tilted 1D Mott chains after a sudden quench to the vicinity of the Ising paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic phase transition point [3]. The quench results in coherent oscillations for the orientation of effective Ising spins, detected via oscillations in the number of doubly occupied lattice sites. We characterize the quench by varying the system parameters. We report significant modification of the tunneling rate induced by interactions and show clear evidence for collective effects in the oscillatory response. We observe higher-order many-body tunneling processes over up to five lattice sites when the tilt per site is tuned to integer fractions of the Mott gap. Secondand third-order tunneling shows up in the transient response after the quench, from which we extract the characteristic scaling in accordance with perturbation theory and numerical simulations. In a second set of experiments we study the response of an ensemble of 1D superfluids in the Bose-Hubbard regime when subject to a tilt [4]. For large values of the tilt, we observe interaction-induced coherent decay and matter-wave quantum phase revivals of the Bloch oscillating ensemble. We analyze the revival period dependence on interactions by means of a Feshbach resonance. When reducing the value of the tilt, we observe the disappearance of the quasi-periodic phase revival signature towards an irreversible decay of Bloch oscillations, indicating the transition from regular to quantum chaotic dynamics.
In this thesis, we study interacting ultracold bosons in tilted optical lattices, a paradigm for complex many-body quantum systems. Our analysis is based on the tilted Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian which incorporates inter-site tunneling, inter-particle interaction, and a static field. The competition between the three contributions induces the system’s complexity which, on the spectral level, is reflected in chaotic level statistics. We address the question how this spectral chaos influences the dynamical behavior of the system and, vice versa, which information we can infer from the system’s dynamics on its many-body spectrum. Employing methods from random matrix theory, we first perform a detailed analysis of the Hamiltonian’s regular and chaotic spectral regimes and determine their borders by means of a scaling analysis. In the main part of the thesis, we tackle the question raised above from three different perspectives: Firstly, we investigate how the Hamiltonian’s level statistics affects the simulability of the system and find a breakdown of the simulation efficiency at the crossover from the regular to the chaotic regime. Secondly, we analyze the stability of the Hamiltonian’s eigenstates within the chaotic spectral regime and identify robust states that are dynamically stable against perturbations. Thirdly, we study the fast and irreversible decay of the Bloch oscillations in the chaotic regime. We develop an approach that is based on a statistical analysis of the velocity operator and find a characteristic crossover in the Bloch oscillations’ decay, once again right at the transition from regular to chaotic level statistics.
We study an experimentally realizable paradigm of complex many-body quantum systems, a two-band Wannier-Stark model, for which diffusion in Hilbert space as well as many-body Landau-Zener processes can be engineered. A crossover between regular and quantum chaotic spectra is found within the many-body avoided crossings at resonant tunneling conditions. The spectral properties are shown to determine the evolution of states across a cascade of Landau-Zener events. We apply the obtained spectral information to study the nonequilibrium dynamics of our many-body system in different parameter regimes.
A comprehensive study of the tunneling dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a tilted periodic potential is presented. We report numerical and experimental results on time-resolved measurements of the Landau-Zener tunneling of ultracold atoms introduced by the tilt, which experimentally is realized by accelerating the lattice. The use of different protocols enables us to access the tunneling probability, numerically as well as experimentally, in two different bases, namely, the adiabatic basis and the diabatic basis. The adiabatic basis corresponds to the eigenstates of the lattice, and the diabatic one to the free-particle momentum eigenstates. Our numerical and experimental results are compared with existing two-state Landau-Zener models.