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arXiv:0710.5326 · Physical Review A

Partial separability and entanglement criteria for multiqubit quantum states

Michael Seevinck, Jos Uffink

Published Sep 2, 2008• 110 citations

Abstract

We explore the subtle relationships between partial separability and entanglement of subsystems in multiqubit quantum states and give experimentally accessible conditions that distinguish between various classes and levels of partial separability in a hierarchical order. These conditions take the form of bounds on the correlations of locally orthogonal observables. Violations of such inequalities give strong sufficient criteria for various forms of partial inseparability and multiqubit entanglement. The strength of these criteria is illustrated by showing that they are stronger than several other well-known entanglement criteria (the fidelity criterion, violation of Mermin-type separability inequalities, the Laskowski-\ifmmode \dot{Z}\else \.{Z}\fi{}ukowski criterion, and the D\"ur-Cirac criterion) and also by showing their great noise robustness for a variety of multiqubit states, including $N$-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and Dicke states. Furthermore, for $N\ensuremath{\geqslant}3$ they can detect bound entangled states. For all these states, the required number of measurement settings for implementation of the entanglement criteria is shown to be only $N+1$. If one chooses the familiar Pauli matrices as single-qubit observables, the inequalities take the form of bounds on the antidiagonal matrix elements of a state in terms of its diagonal matrix elements.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.78.032101

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We explore the subtle relationships between partial separability and entanglement of subsystems in multiqubit quantum states and give experimentally accessible conditions that distinguish between various classes and levels of partial separability in a hierarchical order. These conditions take the form of bounds on the correlations of locally orthogonal observables. Violations of such inequalities give strong sufficient criteria for various forms of partial inseparability and multiqubit entanglement. The strength of these criteria is illustrated by showing that they are stronger than several other well-known entanglement criteria (the fidelity criterion, violation of Mermin-type separability inequalities, the Laskowski-\ifmmode \dot{Z}\else .{Z}\fi{}ukowski criterion, and the D"ur-Cirac criterion) and also by showing their great noise robustness for a variety of multiqubit states, including

N

-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states and Dicke states. Furthermore, for

N\ensuremath{\geqslant}3

they can detect bound entangled states. For all these states, the required number of measurement settings for implementation of the entanglement criteria is shown to be only

N+1

. If one chooses the familiar Pauli matrices as single-qubit observables, the inequalities take the form of bounds on the antidiagonal matrix elements of a state in terms of its diagonal matrix elements.

We derive N-particle Bell-type inequalities under the assumption of partial separability, i.e., that the N-particle system is composed of subsystems which may be correlated in any way (e.g., entangled) but which are uncorrelated with respect to each other. These inequalities provide, upon violation, experi-mentally accessible sufficient conditions for full N-particle entanglement, i.e., for N-particle entanglement that cannot be reduced to mixtures of states in which a smaller number of particles are entangled. The inequalities are shown to be maximally violated by the N-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states.

We derive a family of necessary separability criteria for finite-dimensional systems based on inequalities for variances of observables. We show that every pure bipartite entangled state violates some of these inequalities. Furthermore, a family of bound entangled states and true multipartite entangled states can be detected. The inequalities also allow us to distinguish between different classes of true tripartite entanglement for qubits. We formulate an equivalent criterion in terms of covariance matrices. This allows us to apply criteria known from the regime of continuous variables to finite-dimensional systems.

Positivity of the density operator reflects itself in terms of sequences of inequalities on observable moments. Uncertainty relations for noncommuting observables form a subset of these inequalities. In addition, criterion of positivity under partial transposition (PPT) imposes distinct bounds on moments, violations of which signal entanglement. We present bounds on some sets of composite moments, consequent to positive partial transposition of the density operator and report their violation by entangled multiqubit states. In particular, we derive separability bounds on a multiqubit moment matrix (based on PPT constraints on bipartite divisions of the density matrix) and show that three-qubit pure states with nonzero tangle violate these PPT moment constraints. Further, we recover a necessary and sufficient condition of separability in a multiqubit Werner state through PPT bounds on moments.

We present sufficient criteria for the entanglement of three-qubit states. For some special families of states, the criteria are also necessary for the entanglement. They are formulated as simple sets of inequalities for the mean values of certain observables defined as tensor products of Pauli matrices. The criteria are good indicators of the entanglement in the vicinity of three-qubit GHZ and W states and enjoy the capability of detecting the entangled states with positive partial transpositions. Furthermore, they improve the best known result for the case of W state mixed with the white noise. The efficiency of the criteria is illustrated through several examples.

We give separability criteria for general multi-qubit states in terms of diagonal and anti-diagonal entries. We define two numbers which are obtained from diagonal and anti-diagonal entries, respectively, and compare them to get criteria. They give rise to characterizations of separability when all the entries are zero except for diagonal and anti-diagonal, like Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger diagonal states. The criteria is strong enough to get nonzero volume of entanglement with positive partial transposes.

We study the noisy GHZ-W mixture (where GHZ denotes Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger). We demonstrate some necessary but not sufficient criteria for different classes of separability of these states. It turns out that the partial transposition criterion of Peres [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1413 (1996)] and the criteria of G\"uhne and Seevinck [New J. Phys. 12, 053002 (2010)] dealing with matrix elements are the strongest ones for different separability classes of this two-parameter state. As a result, we determine a set of entangled states of positive partial transpose.