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arXiv:0710.1008

Entanglement: A myth introducing non-locality in any quantum theory

Athanasios Prikas

Published Oct 4, 2007• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The purposes of the present article are: a) To show that non-locality leads to the transfer of certain amounts of energy and angular momentum at very long distances, in an absolutely strange and unnatural manner, in any model reproducing the quantum mechanical results. b) To prove that non-locality is the result only of the zero spin state assumption for distant particles, which explains its presence in any quantum mechanical model. c) To reintroduce locality, simply by denying the existence of the zero spin state in nature (the so-called highly correlated, or EPR singlet state) for particles non-interacting with any known field. d) To propose a realizable experiment to clarify if two remote (and thus non-interacting with a known field) particles, supposed to be correlated as in Bell-type experiments, are actually in zero spin state.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0710.1008

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The purposes of the present article are: a) To show that non-locality leads to the transfer of certain amounts of energy and angular momentum at very long distances, in an absolutely strange and unnatural manner, in any model reproducing the quantum mechanical results. b) To prove that non-locality is the result only of the zero spin state assumption for distant particles, which explains its presence in any quantum mechanical model. c) To reintroduce locality, simply by denying the existence of the zero spin state in nature (the so-called highly correlated, or EPR singlet state) for particles non-interacting with any known field. d) To propose a realizable experiment to clarify if two remote (and thus non-interacting with a known field) particles, supposed to be correlated as in Bell-type experiments, are actually in zero spin state.
This chapter focuses the concepts of entanglement and non-locality. Quantum mechanics has yet another mystery—one that occurs as a consequence of superposition states involving two or more particles or two or more beams of photons. This is referred to as entanglement, also known as non-separability. The existence of entangled states is allowed, and even mandated, by quantum mechanics, and this leads us into yet another mystery: non-locality. It demonstrates how subatomic particles can be put into entangled states which reveal strange correlation effects—the effects being the essence of entanglement. It discusses the EPR argument, from the 1935 paper by Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen; the polarization states of photons; Bell's theorem; and the Hardy–Jordan argument.
Quantum nonlocality is presented often as the most remarkable and inexplicable phenomenon known to modern science. It has been known already for a long time that the probabilistic models used to prove Bell and Clauser-Horn-Shimony-Holt inequalities (BI-CHSH) for spin polarization correlation experiments (SPCE) are incompatible with the experimental protocols of SPCE. In particular these models use the same common probability space, joint probability distributions and/or conditional independence to describe coincidence experiments in incompatible experimental settings. Strangely enough these results are not known or simply neglected. This is why we will once again reanalyze Bell locality assumptions and show that they have nothing to do with the notion of Einsteinian locality therefore their violation should not be called quantum nonlocality but rather quantum non-Kolmogorovness or quantum contextuality. Moreover if local variables describing the measuring instruments are correctly taken into account then BI-CHSH can no longer be proven and one can easily construct non-signaling probabilistic models able to reproduce the predictions of QT. The violation of BI-CHSH is considered usually as a proof that a quantum state is entangled. Since BI-CHSH are violated also in some experiments from outside the domain of quantum physics therefore the entanglement is not exclusively a quantum phenomenon. In order to further demystify these notions we show that one can prepare two macroscopic systems in such a way that simple realizable local experiments on these systems violate BI. In view of these arguments the further testing of BI-CHSH inequalities in search for the loopholes does not seem to be necessary.
Abstract: Quantum entanglement is one of the most remarkable phenomena in modern physics — a situation in which two particles, without any apparent physical connection, exhibit perfectly coordinated behaviour. This striking feature has led many to conclude that the universe must be fundamentally nonlocal. In this paper, we show that entanglement can be explained without any recourse to nonlocality, within a fully classical and deterministic framework. In this view, all physical phenomena arise from a single, continuous underlying substrate; what we call "entanglement" is simply a reflection of sharing this common foundation. The theory reproduces all known results of quantum experiments, including the violation of Bell inequalities, by relaxing the assumption of measurement independence — a step that is both physically motivated and locally consistent. A new testable prediction is also offered. The conclusion is that entanglement is not evidence of nonlocality, but rather a manifestation of the fundamental unity of nature
Long-range quantum correlations between particles are usually formulated by assuming the persistence of an entangled state after the particles have spearated. Here this approach is re-examined based upon studying the correlations present in a pair of EPR spins. Two types of correltions are identified. The first, due to the quantum interference terms is parity. This symmetry property characterizes entanglement. Second is correlation due to conservation of angular momentum. The two contributions are equal and have the same functional form. When entanglement is present, Bell's inequalities are violated but when parity is destroyed by disentanglement, Bell's inequalities are satisfied. It is shown tht some experiments which have hiterto been interpreted by entangled states can be better described by disentanglement. Implications for quantum non-locality are discussed.
Bell's theorem proves that no theory satisfying both locality — in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen sense that no influence propagates faster than light — and realism — in the sense that particles possess definite pre-existing states — can reproduce the correlations predicted by quantum mechanics and confirmed by experiment. The standard response has been to abandon realism. This paper argues that the standard response rests on a hidden assumption that has not been sufficiently scrutinised: that EPR locality exhausts the conceptually available forms of locality. If a type of physical interaction exists that is genuinely instantaneous — not propagating at any finite speed — and that therefore falls outside EPR locality while remaining physically classical and deterministic, Bell's theorem does not force the abandonment of realism. It forces instead the conclusion that EPR locality is an incomplete account of what physical interactions can be. Quantum-Geometry Dynamics (QGD) provides precisely such a framework. QGD rigorously distinguishes two types of physical interaction. Non-gravitational interactions — involving the displacement of particles or photons — are strictly bounded by the fundamental momentum c. Gravitational interactions are instantaneous: gravity is not a wave propagating through a continuum but the ever-present, instantaneous connection between all matter in the universe, grounded in the axioms of QGD. This distinction places QGD outside Bell's theorem's scope, which applies to theories satisfying EPR locality. QGD preserves absolute realism — every preon(+) has definite position and momentum at every moment — and derives the Bell correlations through a three-step deterministic classical mechanism: local measurement physically alters the momentum of particle A; the change instantaneously updates the global gravitational field acting on particle B and its detector; the correlated outcome at the second detector is a deterministic reaction to this gravitational update, governed by the laws of momentum conservation in discrete quantum-geometrical space. The paper develops this account in detail, addresses the loophole-free Bell tests of 2015 and their relationship to QGD's instantaneous gravity account, and situates QGD in the landscape of existing responses to Bell — including Bohmian mechanics, Maudlin's non-locality account, and superdeterminism. QGD is closest in structure to Bohmian mechanics in preserving absolute realism, but replaces Bohm's quantum potential — an additional primitive imported from quantum mechanics — with instantaneous gravity derived from QGD's axioms. There is no wave function at the fundamental level. The non-locality is gravitational and purely classical in character. The paper identifies four falsifiable predictions that distinguish QGD's account from quantum mechanics and from all existing responses to Bell. The first is that simultaneous exact measurement of conjugate properties — position and momentum — is possible in principle, which would constitute a direct falsification of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle as a fundamental feature of nature. The second is that non-local correlation strength varies with the quantum-geometrical distance between the entangled particles — a distance-dependence that quantum mechanics does not predict. The third is that genuinely gravitational influences are instantaneous, distinguishable from the electromagnetic signals that LIGO detects. The fourth is wholly novel: QGD predicts that the universe is finite and bounded, and that the instantaneous gravitational field of the entire finite universe — including matter beyond the electromagnetic horizon — bathes every Bell experiment at every moment. Bell correlation strength therefore has a constant baseline arising from the gravitational field of the full finite universe, plus a fluctuating component arising from events occurring throughout the universe at the moment of each measurement. This fluctuating component cannot be cross-correlated with any electromagnetically observed cosmological event on laboratory timescales, because the electromagnetic signals from those same real-time events will not arrive for millions or billions of years. The testable implication is that a perfectly controlled Bell experiment should exhibit non-zero temporal variance in correlation strength — the statistical fingerprint of the present gravitational state of the entire universe, a signal that no electromagnetic observatory can provide since all electromagnetic observation is observation of the past. The paper is intended for philosophers of physics, physicists working on foundations of quantum mechanics, and experimentalists working on Bell-type experiments. It is a companion to the author's paper "On the Uniqueness of Minimal Physically Derivable Theories" and to the book Quantum-Geometry Dynamics: An Axiomatic Approach to Physics.
Abstract: The exact nature of non-locality and entanglement is still a matter of an ongoing controversy. Especially, the concept of non-locality as postulated by the orthodox Copenhagen quantum mechanics is claiming to reflect any non-locality in the quantum realm. Attention should be called to the obvious but very disconcerting fact that the concept of non-locality cannot contradict the theory of special relativity, as long as the same is not refuted theoretically or by experiments. Another way of expressing the peculiar situation is, under conditions of the special theory of relativity it remains rather discomforting to alter the properties of a distant system instantaneously (i. e. no light signal can travel) by acting on a local system. The purpose of this publication is to solve the problem of non-locality and entanglement from the standpoint of the special theory of relativity.