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arXiv:0710.0045 · Physical Review Letters

Quantum Entangled Dark Solitons Formed by Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices

Ryan V. Mishmash, Lincoln D. Carr

Published Sep 29, 2009• 76 citations
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Abstract

Inspired by experiments on Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices, we study the quantum evolution of dark soliton initial conditions in the context of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. An extensive set of quantum measures is utilized in our analysis, including von Neumann and generalized quantum entropies, quantum depletion, and the pair correlation function. We find that quantum effects cause the soliton to fill in. Moreover, soliton-soliton collisions become inelastic, in strong contrast to the predictions of mean-field theory. These features show that the lifetime and collision properties of dark solitons in optical lattices provide clear signals of quantum effects.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.103.140403

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Comment on “Quantum Entangled Dark Solitons Formed by Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices”

Jacek Dziarmaga, Piotr Deuar, Krzysztof Sacha

We demonstrate that knowledge of two body correlation functions like g2(x) is insufficient to draw conclusions about whether solitons fill in or not in individual experimental runs. In our example, g2 is filled in, while the soliton is not.

arXiv:1001.1045•Physical Review Letters•Jun 28, 2010•14 citations
Inspired by experiments on Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices, we study the quantum evolution of dark soliton initial conditions in the context of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian. An extensive set of quantum measures is utilized in our analysis, including von Neumann and generalized quantum entropies, quantum depletion, and the pair correlation function. We find that quantum effects cause the soliton to fill in. Moreover, soliton-soliton collisions become inelastic, in strong contrast to the predictions of mean-field theory. These features show that the lifetime and collision properties of dark solitons in optical lattices provide clear signals of quantum effects.
We present a fully quantum many-body treatment of dark solitons formed by ultracold bosonic atoms in one-dimensional optical lattices. Using time-evolving block decimation to simulate the single-band Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, we consider the quantum dynamics of density and phase engineered dark solitons as well as the quantum evolution of mean-field dark solitons injected into the quantum model. The former approach directly models how one may create quantum entangled dark solitons in experiment. While we have already presented results regarding the latter approach elsewhere [R. V. Mishmash and L. D. Carr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 140403 (2009)], we expand upon those results in this work. In both cases, quantum fluctuations cause the dark soliton to fill in and may induce an inelasticity in soliton-soliton collisions. Comparisons are made to the Bogoliubov theory which predicts depletion into an anomalous mode that fills in the soliton. Our many-body treatment allows us to go beyond the Bogoliubov approximation and calculate explicitly the dynamics of the system's natural orbitals.
We study the quantum tunneling dynamics of many-body entangled solitons composed of ultracold bosonic gases in 1D optical lattices. A bright soliton, confined by a potential barrier, is allowed to tunnel out of confinement by reducing the barrier width and for varying strengths of attractive interactions. Simulation of the Bose Hubbard Hamiltonian is performed with time-evolving block decimation. We find the characteristic 1/e1/e1/e time for the escape of the soliton, substantially different from the mean field prediction, and address how many-body effects like quantum fluctuations, entanglement, and nonlocal correlations affect macroscopic quantum tunneling; number fluctuations and second order correlations are suggested as experimental signatures. We find that while the escape time scales exponentially in the interactions, the time at which both the von Neumann entanglement entropy and the slope of number fluctuations is maximized scale only linearly.
Mean-field dynamics of strongly interacting bosons described by hard-core bosons with nearest-neighbor attraction has been shown to support two species of solitons: one of Gross-Pitaevskii type (GP type) where the condensate fraction remains dark, and a non-Gross-Pitaevskii type (non-GP type) characterized by brightening of the condensate fraction. Here we study the effects of quantum fluctuations on these solitons using the adaptive time-dependent density matrix renormalization group method, which takes into account the effect of strong correlations. We use local observables as the density, condensate density, and correlation functions as well as the entanglement entropy to characterize the stability of the initial states. We find both species of solitons to be stable under quantum evolution for a finite duration, their tolerance to quantum fluctuations being enhanced as the width of the soliton increases. We describe possible experimental realizations in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, polarized degenerate Fermi gases, and in systems of polar molecules on optical lattices.
During the last decade the physics of ultracold quantum gases has matured into a highly active and versatile field of research. Experiments dedicated to the physics of Bose-Einstein condensates have been performed and diverse phenomena, which are distinguished by fundamentally different regimes of interaction, can be investigated. Particularly solitons, characterized as non-spreading wavepackets, are stabilized against dispersion by a suitable non-linear interaction and can propagate in a condensate[1,2]. In the present work the dynamical evolution of long-lived dark solitons has been studied as a paradigm of non-linear physics for the first time. We have been able to observe oscillations of dark solitons in elongated Bose-Einstein condensates and good agreement with the theoretically predicted oscillation frequency of ω/√2 has been obtained [1]. Moreover the results of detailed studies of the collision of two dark solitons distinguished by different depths are presented. This particular feature enables the identification of the individual solitons beyond the actual collision process and as a central result we show shown that these peculiar entities interpenetrate without significantly influencing each other [3]. The theoretical description of solitons as weakly interacting quasi particles is in good agreement with these findings. Continuative studies on vectorial “dark-bright” solitons and their dynamical properties complement the investigations on dark solitons.
Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in an optical lattice driven out of equilibrium and the subsequent dynamics are investigated in the limit of weak atom-atom interactions both within the classical mean-field approximation and by incorporating an approximate model for quantum fluctuations. A prediction of pulsating dynamical instability in which atoms periodically collect together and subsequently disperse back into the initial homogeneous state is made. This instability is a unique feature of this Hamiltonian system characterized by a single unstable mode and can be considered as a remnant of the integrability of the non-integrable system. A phase-space model has been employed to incorporate the quantum fluctuations within the truncated Wigner approximation. It is observed that the quasiperiodic behavior of the pulsating dynamics persists in the individual stochastic realizations that represent the typical experimental outcomes, but the effect of quantum fluctuations is manifested in the ensemble averages of various properties of the system. Quantum effects are increasingly prominent and the revivals of the ensemble averages of the wave function become progressively weaker when the effective interaction strength is increased. Motivated by these predictions, we apply similar methods to two-component BECs. Within the mean-field model we demonstrate a spontaneous emergence of a vector soliton like structure, a bound pair of a soliton and an anti-soliton, from the homogeneous imbalanced mixture of two BEC species. This is a feature that uniquely combines phase separation, pulsating instability, and formation of a dark-bright soliton pair when the parameters involved are tuned properly. ^