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arXiv:0709.1268 · Physical Review A

Tensor-product versus geometric-product coding

Diederik Aerts, Marek Czachor

Published Jan 15, 2008• 17 citations
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Abstract

Quantum computation is based on tensor products and entangled states. We discuss an alternative to the quantum framework where tensor products are replaced by geometric products and entangled states by multivectors. The resulting theory is analogous to quantum computation but does not involve quantum mechanics. We discuss in detail similarities and differences between the two approaches and illustrate the formulas by explicit geometric objects where multivector versions of the Bell-basis, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, and Hadamard states are visualized by means of colored oriented polylines.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.77.012316

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Quantum computation is based on tensor products and entangled states. We discuss an alternative to the quantum framework where tensor products are replaced by geometric products and entangled states by multivectors. The resulting theory is analogous to quantum computation but does not involve quantum mechanics. We discuss in detail similarities and differences between the two approaches and illustrate the formulas by explicit geometric objects where multivector versions of the Bell-basis, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, and Hadamard states are visualized by means of colored oriented polylines.
We present a computational framework based on geometric structures. No quantum mechanics is involved, and yet the algorithms perform tasks analogous to quantum computation. Tensor products and entangled states are not needed -- they are replaced by sets of basic shapes. To test the formalism we solve in geometric terms the Deutsch-Jozsa problem, historically the first example that demonstrated the potential power of quantum computation. Each step of the algorithm has a clear geometric interpetation and allows for a cartoon representation.
We present a computational framework based on geometric structures. No quantum mechanics is involved, and yet the algorithms perform tasks analogous to quantum computation. Tensor products and entangled states are not needed -- they are replaced by sets of basic shapes. To test the formalism we solve in geometric terms the Deutsch-Jozsa problem, historically the first example that demonstrated the potential power of quantum computation. Each step of the algorithm has a clear geometric interpetation and allows for a cartoon representation.
Quantum computing rests upon two theoretical pillars: entanglement and superposition. But some physicists say that this is a very shaky foundation and quantum computing success will have to be based on a different theoretical foundation. The g-qubit theory supports this point of view. Current article is the second one of the two and about the entanglement. It gives different, more physically feasible, not mysterious, explanation of what the entanglement is. The suggested formalism demonstrates that the core of future quantum computing should not be in entanglement which only formally follows in conventional quantum mechanics from representation of the many particle states as tensor products of individual states. The core of quantum computing scheme should be in manipulation and transferring of wave functions on as operators acting on observables and formulated in terms of geometrical algebra. In this way quantum computer will be a kind of analog computer keeping and processing information by sets of objects possessing infinite number of degrees of freedom, contrary to the two value bits or two-dimensional Hilbert space elements, qubits.
The simplest quantum teleportation algorithms can be represented in geometric terms in spaces of dimensions 3 (for real state vectors) and 4 (for complex state vectors). The geometric representation is based on geometric-algebra coding, a geometric alternative to the tensor-product coding typical of quantum mechanics. We discuss all the elementary ingredients of the geometric version of the algorithm: geometric analogs of states and controlled Pauli gates. A fully geometric presentation is possible if one employs a nonstandard representation of directed magnitudes, formulated in terms of colors defined via stereographic projection of a color wheel, and not by means of directed volumes.
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Classical computing architectures encode information into discrete binary digits residing in isolated regions of phase space. Quantum computing replaces this paradigm by leveraging complex state vectors defined within continuous, multi-dimensional Hilbert spaces. This paper provides a unified mathematical framework examining finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces in quantum information processing. It traces the structural scaling of quantum state spaces from single-qubit systems up through composite tensor product structures and multi-qubit registers. By detailing computational basis representations, state transformations, probability amplitudes, and multipartite entanglement classes, such as Bell, GHZ, and W states, this paper demonstrates how exponential dimensional scaling enables quantum parallelism while presenting computational barriers to classical simulation.