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arXiv:0708.2241 · Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

Simple direct measurement of nonclassical joint signal–idler photon-number statistics and the correlation area of twin photon beams

Ondřej Haderka, Jan Peřina, Martin Hamar

Published Nov 15, 2005• 19 citations
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Abstract

The measurement of the joint signal–idler photon-number distribution of a field obtained from spontaneous parametric downconversion using an intensified CCD camera is presented. It is shown that a classicality criterion is violated directly by the measured data. Characteristic dimensions of the area of correlation are determined in the same experimental set-up.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/7/12/020

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The measurement of the joint signal–idler photon-number distribution of a field obtained from spontaneous parametric downconversion using an intensified CCD camera is presented. It is shown that a classicality criterion is violated directly by the measured data. Characteristic dimensions of the area of correlation are determined in the same experimental set-up.
Measurement of photon-number statistics of fields composed of photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric downcoversion pumped by strong ultrashort pulses is described. Final detection quantum efficiencies, noises as well as possible loss of one or both photons from a pair are taken into account. Measured data provided by an intensified single-photon CCD camera are analyzed along the developed model. The joint signal-idler photon-number distribution is obtained using the expectation maximization algorithm. Covariance of the signal and idler photon-numbers equals 80 %. Statistics of the generated photon pairs are identified to be Poissonian in our case. Distribution of the integrated intensities of the signal and idler fields shows strong correlations between the fields. Negative values of this distribution occurring in some regions clearly demonstrate a nonclassical character of the light composed of photon pairs.
The measurement of photon-number statistics of fields composed of photon pairs, generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion and detected by an intensified charge-coupled device (iCCD) camera, is described. Final quantum detection efficiencies, electronic noises, finite numbers of detector pixels, transverse intensity spatial profiles of the detected beams, as well as losses of single photons from a pair are taken into account in a developed general theory of photon-number detection. The measured data provided by an iCCD camera with single-photon detection sensitivity are analyzed along the developed theory. Joint signal-idler photon-number distributions are recovered using the reconstruction method based on the principle of maximum likelihood. The range of applicability of the method is discussed. The reconstructed joint signal-idler photon-number distribution is compared with that obtained by a method that uses superposition of signal and noise and minimizes photoelectron entropy. Statistics of the reconstructed fields are identified to be multimode Gaussian. Elements of the measured as well as the reconstructed joint signal-idler photon-number distributions violate classical inequalities. Sub-shot-noise correlations in the difference of the signal and idler photon numbers as well as partial suppression of odd elements in the distribution of the sum of signal and idler photon numbers are observed.
Measurement of photon-number statistics of fields composed of photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion pumped by strong ultrashort pulses is described. Finite detection quantum efficiencies, noises as well as possible loss of one or both photons from a pair are taken into account. Measured data provided by an intensified CCD camera are analyzed along the developed model. The joint signal-idler photon-number distribution is obtained using the expectation maximization algorithm. Covariance of the signal and idler photon-numbers exceeds 98%. Entanglement area of the correlated photon pairs is determined.
We demonstrate, by direct measurement of the number of photons in signal and idler, that the twin-beam of light produced by ps-pulsed spontaneous parametric downconversion is endowed with sub-shot-noise photon-number correlations in a mesoscopic intensity regime (more than 1000 detected photons). The noise reduction, calculated from the variance of the difference in the numbers of detected-photons, resulted to be 3.25 dB below the shot-noise level. From experimental data we can recover joint photon-number distribution and a negative-valued joint signal-idler quasi-distributions of integrated intensities, which demonstrates the nonclassical character of the generated field.