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arXiv:0707.4452 · Physical Review B

Critical lines and massive phases in quantum spin ladders with dimerization

J. Almeida, Miguel Angel Martin-Delgado, Germán Sierra

Published Mar 17, 2008• 16 citations
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Abstract

We determine the existence of critical lines in dimerized quantum spin ladders in their phase diagram of coupling constants using the finite-size density matrix renormalization group algorithm. We consider both staggered and columnar dimerization patterns, and antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interleg couplings. The existence of critical phases depends on the precise combination of these patterns. The nature of the massive phases separating the critical lines are characterized with generalized string order parameters that determine their valence-bond-solid content.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.77.094415

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We investigate the phase diagram of the cross-coupled Heisenberg spin ladder with antiferromagnetic couplings. For this model, the results for the existence of the columnar dimer phase, which was predicted on the basis of weak coupling field theory renormalization group arguments, have been conflicting. The numerical work on this model has been based on various approaches, including exact diagonalization, series expansions and density-matrix renormalization group calculations. Using the recently-developed tensor network states and groundstate fidelity approach for quantum spin ladders, we find no evidence for the existence of the columnar dimer phase. We also provide an argument based on the symmetry of the Hamiltonian, which suggests that the phase diagram for antiferromagnetic couplings consists of a single line separating the rung-singlet and the Haldane phases.
A two-leg spin-1/2 ladder with diagonal interactions is investigated numerically. We focus our attention on the possibility of columnar dimer phase, which was recently predicted based on a reformulated bosonization theory. By using density matrix renormalization group technique and exact diagonalization method, we calculate columnar dimer order parameter, spin correlation on a rung, string order parameters, and scaled excitation gaps. Carefully using various finite-size scaling techniques, our results show no support for the existence of columnar dimer phase in the spin ladder under consideration.
We analyze the possibility of quantum criticality (gaplessness) in dimerized antiferromagnetic two- and three-leg spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​ ladders. Contrary to earlier studies of these models, we examine different dimerization patterns in the ladder. We find that ladders with the columnar dimerization order have lower zero-temperature energies, and they are always gapped. For the staggered dimerization order, we find the quantum critical lines, in agreement with earlier analyses. The bond mean-field theory we apply demonstrates its quantitative accuracy and agrees with available numerical results. We conclude that unless some mechanism for locking dimerization into the energetically less favorable staggered configuration is provided, the dimerized ladders do not order into the phase where the quantum criticality occurs.
We revisit the phase diagram of the frustrated s=1/2s=1/2s=1/2 spin ladder with antiferromagnetic rung and diagonal couplings. In particular, we reexamine the evidence for the columnar dimer phase, which has been predicted from analytic treatment of the model and has been claimed to be found in numerical calculations. By performing density-matrix renormalization-group (DMRG) calculations on long ladders, keeping a large number of states within the DMRG, and carrying out careful scaling in number of states kept and system size, we calculate the behavior of the dimer order parameter as a function of frustration strength. We find no positive numerical evidence for a finite dimer order parameter in the thermodynamic limit anywhere in the parameter regime in which the columnar dimer phase is expected to appear. Conservative error estimates in the scaling of our data place stringent limits on the maximum possible value of the dimer order parameter and the maximum possible extent of the parameter regime in which a sufficiently weak dimer phase could still exist.
We revisit the phase diagram of the frustrated spin-1/2 ladder with two competing interchain antiferromagnetic exchanges, rung coupling ${J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and diagonal coupling ${J}_{\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}}$. We suggest, based on the accurate renormalization-group analysis of the low-energy Hamiltonian of the ladder, that marginal interchain current-current interaction plays central role in destabilizing previously predicted intermediate columnar dimer phase in the vicinity of classical degeneracy line ${J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2{J}_{\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}}$. Following this insight we then suggest that changing these competing interchain exchanges from the previously considered antiferromagnetic to the ferromagnetic ones eliminates the issue of the marginal interactions altogether and dramatically expands the region of stability of the columnar dimer phase. This analytical prediction is convincingly confirmed by the numerical density-matrix renormalization-group and exact-diagonalization calculations as well as by the perturbative calculation in the strong rung-coupling limit. The phase diagram for ferromagnetic ${J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and ${J}_{\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}}$ is determined.