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arXiv:0706.4391 · Physical Review B

Cavity method for quantum spin glasses on the Bethe lattice

Chris R. Laumann, Antonello Scardicchio, Shivaji L. Sondhi

Published Oct 28, 2008• 73 citations
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Abstract

We propose a generalization of the cavity method to quantum spin glasses on fixed connectivity lattices. Our work is motivated by the recent refinements of the classical technique and its potential application to quantum computational problems. We numerically solve for the phase structure of a connectivity $q=3$ transverse field Ising model on a Bethe lattice with $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J$ couplings and investigate the distribution of various classical and quantum observables.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.78.134424

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We propose a generalization of the cavity method to quantum spin glasses on fixed connectivity lattices. Our work is motivated by the recent refinements of the classical technique and its potential application to quantum computational problems. We numerically solve for the phase structure of a connectivity q=3q=3q=3 transverse field Ising model on a Bethe lattice with \ifmmode±\else\textpm\fiJ\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fiJ couplings and investigate the distribution of various classical and quantum observables.
The cavity-field method, recently used for classical spin glasses, is extended to study the infinite-range Ising spin-glass model in a transverse field, by means of the Trotter-Suzuki transformation. Within this approach, which relies on well-known mathematics and deals with quantities that have transparent physical significance by avoiding the replica method, the quantum version of the classical Thouless-Anderson-Palmer equation is obtained. The phase diagram of the model is also obtained and full agreement with previous replica-method results is found.
We study the mmm-component vector spin glass in the limit $m\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ on a Bethe lattice. The cavity method allows for a solution of the model in a self-consistent field approximation and for a perturbative solution of the full problem near the phase transition. The low-temperature phase of the model is analyzed numerically and a generalized Bose-Einstein condensation is found, as in the fully connected model. Scaling relations between four distinct zero-temperature exponents are found.
Abstract In this paper we introduce an approximate method to solve the quantum cavity equations for transverse field Ising models. The method relies on a projective approximation of the exact cavity distributions of imaginary time trajectories (paths). A key feature, novel in the context of similar algorithms, is the explicit separation of the classical and quantum parts of the distributions. Numerical simulations show accurate results in comparison with the sampled solution of the cavity equations, the exact diagonalization of the Hamiltonian (when possible) and other approximate inference methods in the literature. The computational complexity of this new algorithm scales linearly with the connectivity of the underlying lattice, enabling the study of highly connected networks, as the ones often encountered in quantum machine learning problems.
After reviewing the basics of the cavity method in classical systems, we show how its quantum version, with some appropriate approximation scheme, can be used to study a system of spins with random ferromagnetic interactions and a random transverse field. The quantum cavity equations describing the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition can be transformed into the well-known problem of a classical directed polymer in a random medium. The glass transition of this polymer problem translates into the existence of a 'Griffiths phase' close to the quantum phase transition of the quantum spin problem, where the physics is dominated by rare events. The physical behaviour of random transverse-field ferromagnets on the Bethe lattice is found to be very similar to that found in finite-dimensional systems, and the quantum cavity method gets back the known exact results of the one-dimensional problem.
The cavity method is a well-established technique for solving classical spin models on sparse random graphs (mean-field models with finite connectivity). Laumann et al. [Phys. Rev. B 78, 134424 (2008)] proposed recently an extension of this method to quantum spin-1/2 models in a transverse field, using a discretized Suzuki-Trotter imaginary-time formalism. Here we show how to take analytically the continuous imaginary-time limit. Our main technical contribution is an explicit procedure to generate the spin trajectories in a path-integral representation of the imaginary-time dynamics. As a side result we also show how this procedure can be used in simple heat bath Monte Carlo simulations of generic quantum spin models. The replica symmetric continuous-time quantum cavity method is formulated for a wide class of models and applied as a simple example on the Bethe lattice ferromagnet in a transverse field. The results of the methods are confronted with various approximation schemes in this particular case. On this system we performed quantum Monte Carlo simulations that confirm the exactness of the cavity method in the thermodynamic limit.
The classical transverse field Ising spin-glass model with short-range interactions is investigated beyond the mean-field approximation for a real d -dimensional lattice. We use an appropriate non-trivial modification of the Bethe-Peierls method recently formulated for the Ising spin-glass. The zero-temperature critical value of the transverse field and the linear susceptibility in the paramagnetic phase are obtained analytically as functions of dimensionality d . The phase diagram is also calculated numerically for different values of d . In the limit , known mean-field results are consistently reproduced.