Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:0706.1300

The Quantum Black-Scholes Equation

Luigi Accardi, Andreas Boukas

Published Jun 9, 2007• 43 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Motivated by the work of Segal and Segal on the Black-Scholes pricing formula in the quantum context, we study a quantum extension of the Black-Scholes equation within the context of Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus. Our model includes stock markets described by quantum Brownian motion and Poisson process.
DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0706.1300

Related papers

The Black–Scholes pricing formula in the quantum context

W. Segal, Irving E. Segal

A natural explanation for extreme irregularities in the evolution of prices in financial markets is provided by quantum effects. The lack of simultaneous observability of relevant variables and the interference of attempted observation with the values of these variables represent such effects. These characteristics have been noted by traders and economists and appear intrinsic to market dynamics. This explanation is explored here in terms of a corresponding generalization of the Wiener process and its role in the Black-Scholes-Merton theory. The differentiability of the Wiener process as a sesquilinear form on a dense domain in the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions over Wiener space is shown and is extended to the quantum context. This provides a basis for a corresponding generalization of the Ito theory of stochastic integration. An extension of the Black-Scholes option pricing formula to the quantum context is deduced.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences•Mar 31, 1998•86 citations

Closed Quantum Black-Scholes: Quantum Drift and the Heisenberg Equation of Motion

Will Hicks

In this article we model a financial derivative price as an observable on the market state function. We apply geometric techniques to integrating the Heisenberg Equation of Motion. We illustrate how the non-commutative nature of the model introduces quantum interference effects that can act as either a drag or a boost on the resulting return. The ultimate objective is to investigate the nature of quantum drift in the Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes framework which involves modelling the financial market as a quantum observable, and introduces randomness through the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus. In particular we aim to differentiate randomness that is introduced through external noise (quantum stochastic calculus) and randomness that is fundamental to a quantum system (Heisenberg Equation of Motion).

arXiv:1911.11475•Nov 26, 2019•0 citations

A Nonlocal Approach to The Quantum Kolmogorov Backward Equation and Links to Noncommutative Geometry

Will Hicks

The Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes equation (Luigi Accardi, Andreas Boukas: The Quantum Black-Scholes Equation, Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, (2006) vol.2, no.2, pp. 155-170.) can be used as an alternative to the classical approach to finance, and has been found to have a number of useful benefits. The quantum Kolmogorov backward equations, and associated quantum Fokker-Planck equations, that arise from this general framework, are derived using the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus (Hudson, R.L.; Parthasarathy, K.R: Quantum Ito's Formula and Stochastic Evolutions. Commun Math. Phys. 1984, 93, 301--323.). In this paper we show how these equations can be derived using a nonlocal approach to quantum mechanics. We show how nonlocal diffusions, and quantum stochastic processes can be linked, and discuss how moment matching can be used for deriving solutions.

arXiv:1905.07257•Communications on Stochastic Analysis•Jan 1, 2019•8 citations

Closed Quantum Black-Scholes: Quantum Drift and the Heisenberg Equation of Motion

Will Hicks

In this article we model a financial derivative price as an observable on a market state function, with a view to understanding how some of the non-commutative behaviour of the financial market impacts the dynamics.We integrate the Heisenberg Equation of Motion, by using a Riemannian metric, and illustrate how the non-commutative nature of the model introduces quantum interference effects that can act as either a drag or a boost on the resulting return.The ultimate objective is to investigate the nature of quantum drift in the Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes framework ([1]) which involves modelling the financial market as a quantum observable, and introduces randomness through the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus ([15]).In particular we aim to differentiate between randomness that is introduced through external noise (quantum stochastic calculus) and randomness that is intrinsic to a quantum system (Heisenberg Equation of Motion).

Journal of Stochastic Analysis•Feb 27, 2020•12 citations

Quantum Model Of Option Pricing: When Black–Scholes Meets Schrödinger And Its Semi-Classical Limit, Black–Scholes Option Pricing Model In A More General Quantum Physics Setting, Perfect Market Equilibrium State Postulated By The Black–Scholes Model Repres

K.N.P. Kumar

Following system is investigated with its corresponding properties in detail: A Quantum Model Of Option Pricing: When Black–Scholes Meets Schrödinger And Its Semi-Classical Limit, Black–Scholes Option Pricing Model In A More General Quantum Physics Setting, Perfect Market Equilibrium State Postulated By The Black–Scholes Model Represents A Particular Case., Controlled Markov Processes And Mathematical Finance, Controlled Markov Processes And Mathematical Finance, Dynamic Optimization And Its Relation To Classical And Quantum Constrained Systems, Consistency Relation, Inter-Occurrence Times And Universal Laws In Finance, Earthquakes And Genomes, Quantum Cognition Beyond Hilbert Space Ii, Quantum Master Equation For Long-Term Prognosis.. The full paper: http://www.iiste.org/PDFshare/APTA-PAGENO-654991-661307.pdf

Advances in physics theories and applications•Jan 1, 2013•0 citations

PT Symmetry, Non-Gaussian Path Integrals, and the Quantum Black–Scholes Equation

Will Hicks

The Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes framework, provides a means by which one can apply the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus to problems in finance. Solutions to these equations can be modelled using nonlocal diffusion processes, via a Kramers-Moyal expansion, and this provides useful tools to understand their behaviour. In this paper we develop further links between quantum stochastic processes, and nonlocal diffusions, by inverting the question, and showing how certain nonlocal diffusions can be written as quantum stochastic processes. We then go on to show how one can use path integral formalism, and PT symmetric quantum mechanics, to build a non-Gaussian kernel function for the Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes. Behaviours observed in the real market are a natural model output, rather than something that must be deliberately included.

arXiv:1812.00839•Entropy•Jan 23, 2019•9 citations
A natural explanation for extreme irregularities in the evolution of prices in financial markets is provided by quantum effects. The lack of simultaneous observability of relevant variables and the interference of attempted observation with the values of these variables represent such effects. These characteristics have been noted by traders and economists and appear intrinsic to market dynamics. This explanation is explored here in terms of a corresponding generalization of the Wiener process and its role in the Black-Scholes-Merton theory. The differentiability of the Wiener process as a sesquilinear form on a dense domain in the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions over Wiener space is shown and is extended to the quantum context. This provides a basis for a corresponding generalization of the Ito theory of stochastic integration. An extension of the Black-Scholes option pricing formula to the quantum context is deduced.
In this article we model a financial derivative price as an observable on the market state function. We apply geometric techniques to integrating the Heisenberg Equation of Motion. We illustrate how the non-commutative nature of the model introduces quantum interference effects that can act as either a drag or a boost on the resulting return. The ultimate objective is to investigate the nature of quantum drift in the Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes framework which involves modelling the financial market as a quantum observable, and introduces randomness through the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus. In particular we aim to differentiate randomness that is introduced through external noise (quantum stochastic calculus) and randomness that is fundamental to a quantum system (Heisenberg Equation of Motion).
The Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes equation (Luigi Accardi, Andreas Boukas: The Quantum Black-Scholes Equation, Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, (2006) vol.2, no.2, pp. 155-170.) can be used as an alternative to the classical approach to finance, and has been found to have a number of useful benefits. The quantum Kolmogorov backward equations, and associated quantum Fokker-Planck equations, that arise from this general framework, are derived using the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus (Hudson, R.L.; Parthasarathy, K.R: Quantum Ito's Formula and Stochastic Evolutions. Commun Math. Phys. 1984, 93, 301--323.). In this paper we show how these equations can be derived using a nonlocal approach to quantum mechanics. We show how nonlocal diffusions, and quantum stochastic processes can be linked, and discuss how moment matching can be used for deriving solutions.
In this article we model a financial derivative price as an observable on a market state function, with a view to understanding how some of the non-commutative behaviour of the financial market impacts the dynamics.We integrate the Heisenberg Equation of Motion, by using a Riemannian metric, and illustrate how the non-commutative nature of the model introduces quantum interference effects that can act as either a drag or a boost on the resulting return.The ultimate objective is to investigate the nature of quantum drift in the Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes framework ([1]) which involves modelling the financial market as a quantum observable, and introduces randomness through the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus ([15]).In particular we aim to differentiate between randomness that is introduced through external noise (quantum stochastic calculus) and randomness that is intrinsic to a quantum system (Heisenberg Equation of Motion).
Following system is investigated with its corresponding properties in detail: A Quantum Model Of Option Pricing: When Black–Scholes Meets Schrödinger And Its Semi-Classical Limit, Black–Scholes Option Pricing Model In A More General Quantum Physics Setting, Perfect Market Equilibrium State Postulated By The Black–Scholes Model Represents A Particular Case., Controlled Markov Processes And Mathematical Finance, Controlled Markov Processes And Mathematical Finance, Dynamic Optimization And Its Relation To Classical And Quantum Constrained Systems, Consistency Relation, Inter-Occurrence Times And Universal Laws In Finance, Earthquakes And Genomes, Quantum Cognition Beyond Hilbert Space Ii, Quantum Master Equation For Long-Term Prognosis.. The full paper: http://www.iiste.org/PDFshare/APTA-PAGENO-654991-661307.pdf
The Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes framework, provides a means by which one can apply the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus to problems in finance. Solutions to these equations can be modelled using nonlocal diffusion processes, via a Kramers-Moyal expansion, and this provides useful tools to understand their behaviour. In this paper we develop further links between quantum stochastic processes, and nonlocal diffusions, by inverting the question, and showing how certain nonlocal diffusions can be written as quantum stochastic processes. We then go on to show how one can use path integral formalism, and PT symmetric quantum mechanics, to build a non-Gaussian kernel function for the Accardi-Boukas quantum Black-Scholes. Behaviours observed in the real market are a natural model output, rather than something that must be deliberately included.