Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:0704.2412 · Physical Review Letters

Giant Viscosity Enhancement in a Spin-Polarized Fermi Liquid

Hikota Akimoto, J. S. Xia, Donald Candela, William J. Mullin, E. D. Adams, Neil S. Sullivan

Published Aug 31, 2007• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The viscosity is measured for a Fermi liquid, a dilute $^{3}\mathrm{He}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ mixture, under extremely high magnetic field/temperature conditions ($B\ensuremath{\le}14.8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}$, $T\ensuremath{\ge}1.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mK}$). The spin-splitting energy $\ensuremath{\mu}B$ is substantially greater than the Fermi energy ${k}_{B}{T}_{F}$; as a consequence the polarization tends to unity and $s$-wave quasiparticle scattering is suppressed for $T\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{F}$. Using a novel composite vibrating-wire viscometer an enhancement of the viscosity is observed by a factor of more than 500 over its low-field value. Good agreement is found between the measured viscosity and theoretical predictions based upon a $t$-matrix formalism.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.99.095301

Related papers

VISCOSITY OF HIGHLY POLARIZED VERY DILUTE 3 He -4 He MIXTURES

Hikota Akimoto, J. S. Xia, E. D. Adams +3 more

We present vibrating - wire viscosity measurements on a very dilute 3 He -4 He mixture (χ3 = 150 ppm ) in fields up to 14.8 T and temperatures down to 3 mK. The 3 He spin polarization is greater than 99% for the highest field and lowest temperature used. In these conditions, the s-wave scattering rate decreases due to a lack of quasiparticles with the minority spin state. This enhances all transport coefficients including the viscosity. At the lowest temperature, the hydrodynamic damping of the viscometer in a 14.8 T field was more than 10 times larger than in low fields. This indicates a many-fold increase in the mixture viscosity due to spin polarization.

International Journal of Modern Physics B•Aug 30, 2002•3 citations

Momentum and spin transport properties of spin polarized Fermi systems

Wei Lijuan

We carried out experiments on a spin polarized 3He- 4He mixture with 3He concentration x 3 = 6.26 × 10−4, and on pure 3He liquid. Spin polarization affects the transport properties of these Fermi systems. The effect on momentum transport was studied by using a vibrating-wire viscometer to measure viscosity of the 3He-4He mixture over the temperature range 6.09 mK–100 mK in 7.96 T and 1.00 T magnetic fields. A large viscosity increase was observed upon application of the 7.96 T magnetic field for temperature T < TF(TF = 19.5 mK is the Fermi temperature). The observed viscosity is in very good agreement with theoretical calculations for a dilute Fermi gas by Jeon and Mullin [1988, 1989] and Mullin and Jeon [1992]. The polarization effect on spin transport was investigated by measuring the transverse diffusion coefficient D ⊥ in pure 3He liquid at saturated vapor pressure and at 15.85 bar over the temperature range 4.5 mK–159 mK in a 7.96 T magnetic field. We used a pulsed NMR spin echo technique in a field gradient of 16.0 G/cm to do the measurements and fits to the Leggett equations [1970] to obtain D⊥. For T < 20 mK, we found D⊥ is less than measured in earlier experiments at lower magnetic fields. D⊥ does not increase with decreasing temperature as 1/T2, but appears to approach a constant as T → 0 while it is expected that the longitudinal spin diffusion coefficient D∥ ∝ 1/ T2. This is called spin diffusion anisotropy and it was observed for the first time in our 3He liquid experiments. The anisotropy temperature we determined for 3He liquid was Ta = 16.4 ± 2.2 mK at saturated vapor pressure and in a 7.96 T magnetic field. The transverse spin diffusion in 3 He results agree qualitatively with theories proposed by Meyerovich and Musaeflan [1992, 1994]. They also agree qualitatively with theories proposed by Golosov and Ruckenstein [1995, 1998] by extrapolation of the dilute theory to a strongly interacting system.

•Jan 1, 2001•0 citations

Viscosity increase upon spin polarization of a dilute Fermi gas

Donald Candela, L-J. Wei, D. R. McAllaster +1 more

A vibrating-wire technique has been used to directly measure the viscosity increase in a dilute $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He solution caused by brute-force spin polarization up to 40%. The viscosity of a solution with degeneracy temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{F}}$=19.5 mK was measured over the temperature range 6.1--100 mK in magnetic fields of 1.00 and 7.96 T. Spin polarization caused a marked decrease in the mechanical Q of the viscometer at low temperatures. The observed viscosity is compared with calculations of the transport coefficients of dilute quantum gases for all temperatures and spin polarizations.

Physical Review Letters•Jul 15, 1991•20 citations

Observation of field-induced spin-current relaxation in a Fermi liquid

L-J. Wei, Neal Kalechofsky, Donald Candela

We have studied NMR spin echoes in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ liquid in a magnetic field ${\mathit{B}}_{0}$=8 T for temperatures T\ensuremath{\ge}4.5 mK. The data are analyzed in terms of the Leggett-Rice effect to obtain the transverse spin-diffusion coefficient ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(T). For T20 mK we find that ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ is less than measured in earlier experiments at lower ${\mathit{B}}_{0}$. This phenomenon has been predicted for degenerate Fermi systems, due to the phase space created for quasiparticle scattering by spin polarization. The effect we have measured is more pronounced than suggested by scaling a dilute-gas theory result by a Fermi-liquid factor.

Physical Review Letters•Aug 9, 1993•91 citations

Transverse spin diffusion and spin rotation in very dilute, spin-polarized −43 He mixtures

Donald Candela, D. R. McAllaster, L-J. Wei

We report measurements of the transverse-spin-diffusion coefficient ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ and the spin-rotation parameter \ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ for two very dilute $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures (${\mathit{x}}_{3}$=1.82\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ and 6.26\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$) spin polarized by an 8-T magnetic field. Brute-force spin polarization up to 40% was achieved at the lowest temperature, 6 mK. We find that \ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ increases monotonically as the temperature is reduced through the Fermi temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{F}}$, in disagreement with the only previous experiment but in good agreement with recent theory. Unlike the earlier experiment, which measured spin echoes, the present experiments employed a spin-wave technique that avoids nonlinear excitation of the spin field. We compare our results with the recent calculations of Jeon and Mullin for spin transport in dilute gases with arbitrary polarization and degeneracy. The best fit to the data is obtained by scaling the quasiparticle interaction V(q) proposed by Ebner by a modest factor, 1.07. The corresponding s-wave scattering length is a=-1.21 \AA{}. Good agreement is found for \ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(T) at both concentrations and all temperatures, and for ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/\ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(T) apart from the lower concentration at T20 mK. The discrepancy in ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/\ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ at the lowest temperatures and ${\mathit{x}}_{3}$ could be explained by an unanticipated polarization dependence or by modification of the spin-wave boundary condition by processes occurring at the interface between the mixture and the silica cavity wall.

Physical review. B, Condensed matter•Oct 1, 1991•22 citations

Viscous flow in a one-dimensional spin-polarized Fermi gas: The role of integrability on viscosity

Jeff Maki, Shizhong Zhang

The transport properties of one-dimensional Fermi gases at low temperatures are often described by the Luttinger liquid (LL) model. However, to study dissipative effects, one needs to examine interactions beyond the LL model. In this work, we provide a simple model that allows for a direct microscopic calculation of the bulk viscosity, namely, the one-dimensional spin polarized $p$-wave Fermi gas. To leading order in the finite interaction strength, we find that the bulk viscosity is finite and consistent with the requirement of scale symmetry. We further show that the bulk viscosity satisfies the Bose-Fermi duality relating the weakly interacting limit of the spin polarized Fermi gas to the strongly interacting limit of the Lieb-Liniger model and vice versa. This work establishes the bulk viscosity to leading order in scale-breaking interactions in both the strongly and weakly interacting limits for both high and low temperatures.

arXiv:2206.08109•Physical Review A•Jan 24, 2023•3 citations
The viscosity is measured for a Fermi liquid, a dilute 3He\ensuremath-4He^{3}\mathrm{He}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{4}\mathrm{He}3He\ensuremath-4He mixture, under extremely high magnetic field/temperature conditions (B\ensuremath≤14.8  TB\ensuremath{\le}14.8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{T}B\ensuremath≤14.8  T, T\ensuremath≥1.5  mKT\ensuremath{\ge}1.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mK}T\ensuremath≥1.5  mK). The spin-splitting energy \ensuremathμB\ensuremath{\mu}B\ensuremathμB is substantially greater than the Fermi energy kBTF{k}_{B}{T}_{F}kB​TF​; as a consequence the polarization tends to unity and sss-wave quasiparticle scattering is suppressed for T\ensuremath≪TFT\ensuremath{\ll}{T}_{F}T\ensuremath≪TF​. Using a novel composite vibrating-wire viscometer an enhancement of the viscosity is observed by a factor of more than 500 over its low-field value. Good agreement is found between the measured viscosity and theoretical predictions based upon a ttt-matrix formalism.
We present vibrating - wire viscosity measurements on a very dilute 3 He -4 He mixture (χ3 = 150 ppm ) in fields up to 14.8 T and temperatures down to 3 mK. The 3 He spin polarization is greater than 99% for the highest field and lowest temperature used. In these conditions, the s-wave scattering rate decreases due to a lack of quasiparticles with the minority spin state. This enhances all transport coefficients including the viscosity. At the lowest temperature, the hydrodynamic damping of the viscometer in a 14.8 T field was more than 10 times larger than in low fields. This indicates a many-fold increase in the mixture viscosity due to spin polarization.
We carried out experiments on a spin polarized 3He- 4He mixture with 3He concentration x 3 = 6.26 × 10−4, and on pure 3He liquid. Spin polarization affects the transport properties of these Fermi systems. The effect on momentum transport was studied by using a vibrating-wire viscometer to measure viscosity of the 3He-4He mixture over the temperature range 6.09 mK–100 mK in 7.96 T and 1.00 T magnetic fields. A large viscosity increase was observed upon application of the 7.96 T magnetic field for temperature T < TF(TF = 19.5 mK is the Fermi temperature). The observed viscosity is in very good agreement with theoretical calculations for a dilute Fermi gas by Jeon and Mullin [1988, 1989] and Mullin and Jeon [1992]. The polarization effect on spin transport was investigated by measuring the transverse diffusion coefficient D ⊥ in pure 3He liquid at saturated vapor pressure and at 15.85 bar over the temperature range 4.5 mK–159 mK in a 7.96 T magnetic field. We used a pulsed NMR spin echo technique in a field gradient of 16.0 G/cm to do the measurements and fits to the Leggett equations [1970] to obtain D⊥. For T < 20 mK, we found D⊥ is less than measured in earlier experiments at lower magnetic fields. D⊥ does not increase with decreasing temperature as 1/T2, but appears to approach a constant as T → 0 while it is expected that the longitudinal spin diffusion coefficient D∥ ∝ 1/ T2. This is called spin diffusion anisotropy and it was observed for the first time in our 3He liquid experiments. The anisotropy temperature we determined for 3He liquid was Ta = 16.4 ± 2.2 mK at saturated vapor pressure and in a 7.96 T magnetic field. The transverse spin diffusion in 3 He results agree qualitatively with theories proposed by Meyerovich and Musaeflan [1992, 1994]. They also agree qualitatively with theories proposed by Golosov and Ruckenstein [1995, 1998] by extrapolation of the dilute theory to a strongly interacting system.
A vibrating-wire technique has been used to directly measure the viscosity increase in a dilute $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He solution caused by brute-force spin polarization up to 40%. The viscosity of a solution with degeneracy temperature TF{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{F}}TF​=19.5 mK was measured over the temperature range 6.1--100 mK in magnetic fields of 1.00 and 7.96 T. Spin polarization caused a marked decrease in the mechanical Q of the viscometer at low temperatures. The observed viscosity is compared with calculations of the transport coefficients of dilute quantum gases for all temperatures and spin polarizations.
We have studied NMR spin echoes in 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He liquid in a magnetic field B0{\mathit{B}}_{0}B0​=8 T for temperatures T\ensuremath{\ge}4.5 mK. The data are analyzed in terms of the Leggett-Rice effect to obtain the transverse spin-diffusion coefficient ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(T). For T20 mK we find that ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ is less than measured in earlier experiments at lower B0{\mathit{B}}_{0}B0​. This phenomenon has been predicted for degenerate Fermi systems, due to the phase space created for quasiparticle scattering by spin polarization. The effect we have measured is more pronounced than suggested by scaling a dilute-gas theory result by a Fermi-liquid factor.
We report measurements of the transverse-spin-diffusion coefficient ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ and the spin-rotation parameter \ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ for two very dilute $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures (x3{\mathit{x}}_{3}x3​=1.82\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ and 6.26\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$) spin polarized by an 8-T magnetic field. Brute-force spin polarization up to 40% was achieved at the lowest temperature, 6 mK. We find that \ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ increases monotonically as the temperature is reduced through the Fermi temperature TF{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{F}}TF​, in disagreement with the only previous experiment but in good agreement with recent theory. Unlike the earlier experiment, which measured spin echoes, the present experiments employed a spin-wave technique that avoids nonlinear excitation of the spin field. We compare our results with the recent calculations of Jeon and Mullin for spin transport in dilute gases with arbitrary polarization and degeneracy. The best fit to the data is obtained by scaling the quasiparticle interaction V(q) proposed by Ebner by a modest factor, 1.07. The corresponding s-wave scattering length is a=-1.21 \AA{}. Good agreement is found for \ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(T) at both concentrations and all temperatures, and for ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/\ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(T) apart from the lower concentration at T20 mK. The discrepancy in ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/\ensuremath{\Omega}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ at the lowest temperatures and x3{\mathit{x}}_{3}x3​ could be explained by an unanticipated polarization dependence or by modification of the spin-wave boundary condition by processes occurring at the interface between the mixture and the silica cavity wall.
The transport properties of one-dimensional Fermi gases at low temperatures are often described by the Luttinger liquid (LL) model. However, to study dissipative effects, one needs to examine interactions beyond the LL model. In this work, we provide a simple model that allows for a direct microscopic calculation of the bulk viscosity, namely, the one-dimensional spin polarized ppp-wave Fermi gas. To leading order in the finite interaction strength, we find that the bulk viscosity is finite and consistent with the requirement of scale symmetry. We further show that the bulk viscosity satisfies the Bose-Fermi duality relating the weakly interacting limit of the spin polarized Fermi gas to the strongly interacting limit of the Lieb-Liniger model and vice versa. This work establishes the bulk viscosity to leading order in scale-breaking interactions in both the strongly and weakly interacting limits for both high and low temperatures.